fix(emqx_bridge): validate Webhook bad URL

[SergeTupchiy]

Error messages:

Fixes: EMQX-9310

Summary

🤖 Generated by Copilot at acbdb1f

This pull request enhances the error handling and validation of bridge configuration data and URLs in the emqx_bridge application. It also adds test cases for the bridge API endpoints and updates the application version to 0.1.17.

PR Checklist

Please convert it to a draft if any of the following conditions are not met. Reviewers may skip over until all the items are checked:

• Added tests for the changes
• Changed lines covered in coverage report
• Change log has been added to changes/{ce,ee}/(feat|perf|fix)-<PR-id>.en.md files
• For internal contributor: there is a jira ticket to track this change
• If there should be document changes, a PR to emqx-docs.git is sent, or a jira ticket is created to follow up
• Schema changes are backward compatible

Checklist for CI (.github/workflows) changes

• If changed package build workflow, pass this action (manual trigger)
• Change log has been added to changes/ dir for user-facing artifacts update