Remove uuid lookups from BLE read/write/notify characteristics

[bdraco]

What does this implement/fix?

Prework to reduce memory pressure

Since the client is sending a specific handle they must already have the service and char data. We want to be able to release the memory used for the char/services list in a future PR, but to do that we need to remove some checks in places where we would end up re-parsing the list again. The end goal is to be able to get to this commit where we can release the char memory after sending the service list: bdraco@581d4de

See https://github.com/esphome/esphome/pull/4063/files#r1033010216 and #4063 (comment) as the motivation for this

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040

Example entry for config.yaml:

# Example config.yaml

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[probot-esphome]

Hey there @jesserockz, mind taking a look at this pull request as it has been labeled with an integration (bluetooth_proxy) you are listed as a code owner for? Thanks!
_{^{(message by CodeOwnersMention)}}