[core] fix local path paring error on ios version lower than 17

[Kudo]

Why

possibly fix for #29759

How

on ios < 17, the URL(string:) cannot parse an URL that has spaces and without scheme, it returns nil instead. before SDK 51, we used URL(fileURLWithPath:) instead. that's a regression from #27069.
this pr tries to use the URLComponents(string:) as fallback for ios < 16 which supports RFC 3986 with spaces.

Test Plan

i first tried to add an unit test for FileSystemLegacyUtilities.getPathPermissions. our ios-unit-test ci job is running on ios 16, so there was an expected failed test: https://github.com/expo/expo/actions/runs/9634505045/job/26570225509
then revised the code to use the convertToUrl(string:) to fix the broken test.

Checklist

• Documentation is up to date to reflect these changes (eg: https://docs.expo.dev and README.md).
• Conforms with the Documentation Writing Style Guide
• This diff will work correctly for npx expo prebuild & EAS Build (eg: updated a module plugin).

[expo-bot]

The Pull Request introduced fingerprint changes against the base commit: 322106f

Fingerprint diff

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    "type": "dir",
    "filePath": "../../packages/expo-modules-core",
    "reasons": [
      "expoAutolinkingIos",
      "expoAutolinkingAndroid"
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    "hash": "420731c5f9d0d0adc2818c2b512385ad3f725d72"
  }
]

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Generated by PR labeler 🤖

[phemonick]

Thanks for the fix, @Kudo , but it doesn't work on Iphone 8, iOS 15.4.

[Kudo]

@phemonick thanks for checking that. could you help to check whether 586c84d works for you?