Fix c++ compilation errors on Linux using g++

[mmucklo]

This PR fixes a number of compilation errors seen compiling on Linux (Ubuntu 22.04.4 LTS) using cmake 3.29 and g++ 11.4.0

Sampling of errors fixed are as follows:

rocksdb/table/block_based/block.cc:1330:31: error: cast from type ‘const rocksdb::Block*’ to type ‘void*’ casts away qualifiers [-Werror=cast-qual]
rocksdb/test_util/testutil.h:272:14: error: cast from type ‘const char*’ to type ‘char*’ casts away qualifiers [-Werror=cast-qual]
rocksdb/util/stderr_logger.cc:36:53: error: format not a string literal, argument types not checked [-Werror=format-nonlteral]
rocksdb/util/string_util.cc:165:29: error: ‘%c’ yields only last 2 digits of year in some locales [-Werror=format-y2k]

NOTES:
cache/compressed_secondary_cache.cc - UncompressedData already takes in a const char*, so no need to cast to (char *)

const_cast is used to remove const qualifiers.
static_cast is used to change types (largely from one pointer type to another).
reinterpret_castwas used in places that static_cast would not work.

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