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Normalize reference case to remove duplicate references.
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gkellogg committed Feb 4, 2017
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64 changes: 32 additions & 32 deletions spec/latest/common/terms.html
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<section>
<h1>General Terminology</h1>
<p>This document uses the following terms as defined in JSON [[!RFC7159]]. Refer
to the <a data-cite="rfc7159#section-2">JSON Grammar section</a> in [[!RFC7159]] for formal definitions.</p>
to the <a data-cite="RFC7159#section-2">JSON Grammar section</a> in [[!RFC7159]] for formal definitions.</p>

<dl class="termlist">
<dt><dfn data-lt="arrays">array</dfn></dt><dd>
Expand All @@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
unless specifically defined (see
<a data-cite="JSON-LD#sets-and-lists" class="externalDFN">Sets and Lists</a> in
the JSON-LD specification [[JSON-LD]]).</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="ecmascript-6.0#sec-terms-and-definitions-object" data-lt="JSON objects">JSON object</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="ECMASCRIPT-6.0#sec-terms-and-definitions-object" data-lt="JSON objects">JSON object</dfn></dt><dd>
In the JSON serialization, an object structure is represented as a pair of curly brackets surrounding zero or
more key-value pairs. A key is a <a>string</a>. A single colon comes after
each key, separating the key from the value. A single comma separates a value
from a following key. In JSON-LD the keys in an object MUST be unique.
In the <em>abstract representation</em> a <a>JSON object</a> is equivalent to a
<a data-cite="WebIDL#dfn-dictionary" class="externalDFN"><dfn data-lt="dictionaries">dictionary</dfn></a> (see [[WebIDL]]).</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="ecmascript-6.0#sec-null-value">null</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="ECMASCRIPT-6.0#sec-null-value">null</dfn></dt><dd>
The use of the <a>null</a> value within JSON-LD is used to
ignore or reset values. A key-value pair in the <code>@context</code> where
the value, or the <code>@id</code> of the value, is <a>null</a>
Expand All @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
<code>@value</code>, <code>@list</code>, or <code>@set</code> is set to
<a>null</a> in expanded form, then the entire <a>JSON
object</a> is ignored.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="ecmascript-6.0#sec-number-object" data-lt="numbers|JSON number|JSON numbers">number</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="ECMASCRIPT-6.0#sec-number-object" data-lt="numbers|JSON number|JSON numbers">number</dfn></dt><dd>
In the JSON serialization, a number is similar to that used in most programming languages, except
that the octal and hexadecimal formats are not used and that leading
zeros are not allowed.
Expand All @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
<dt><dfn>scalar</dfn></dt><dd>
A scalar is either a JSON <a>string</a>, <a>number</a>, <a>true</a>,
or <a>false</a>.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="ecmascript-6.0#sec-string-object" data-lt="strings">string</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="ECMASCRIPT-6.0#sec-string-object" data-lt="strings">string</dfn></dt><dd>
A string is a sequence of zero or more Unicode (UTF-8) characters,
wrapped in double quotes, using backslash escapes (if necessary). A
character is represented as a single character string.</dd>
Expand All @@ -55,21 +55,21 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
<p>Furthermore, the following terminology is used throughout this document:</p>

<dl class="termlist">
<dt><dfn data-cite="rfc3987#section-1.3" data-lt="absolute IRIs">absolute IRI</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RFC3987#section-1.3" data-lt="absolute IRIs">absolute IRI</dfn></dt><dd>
An <a>absolute IRI</a> is defined in [[!RFC3987]] containing a <em>scheme</em> along with a <em>path</em> and
optional <em>query</em> and fragment segments.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="base IRIs">base IRI</dfn></dt><dd>
The <a>base IRI</a> is an <a>absolute IRI</a> established in the <a>context</a>,
or is based on the <a>JSON-LD document</a> location. The <a>base IRI</a> is used to turn
<a>relative IRIs</a> into <a>absolute IRIs</a>.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-blank-node" data-lt="blank nodes">blank node</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-blank-node" data-lt="blank nodes">blank node</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>node</a> in a <a>graph</a> that is neither an
<a>IRI</a>, nor a <a>JSON-LD value</a>, nor a <a>list</a>.
A <a>node</a> does not contain a de-referenceable
identifier because it is either ephemeral in nature or does not contain information that needs to be
linked to from outside of the linked data graph. A blank node is assigned an identifier starting with
the prefix <code>_:</code>.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-blank-node-identifier" data-lt="blank node identifiers">blank node identifier</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-blank-node-identifier" data-lt="blank node identifiers">blank node identifier</dfn></dt><dd>
A blank node identifier is a string that can be used as an identifier for a
<a>blank node</a> within the scope of a JSON-LD document. Blank node identifiers
begin with <code>_:</code>.</dd>
Expand All @@ -80,10 +80,10 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
<dt><dfn data-lt="contexts">context</dfn></dt><dd>
A a set of rules for interpreting a <a>JSON-LD document</a> as specified in
<cite><a data-cite="JSON-LD#the-context">The Context</a> of the [[JSON-LD]] specification.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype IRI</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-datatype-iri">datatype IRI</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>datatype IRI</a>
as specified by [[RDF11-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-default-graph">default graph</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-default-graph">default graph</dfn></dt><dd>
The default graph is the only graph in a JSON-LD document which has no <a>graph name</a>.
When executing an algorithm, the graph where data should be placed
if a <a>named graph</a> is not specified.</dd>
Expand All @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
A frame object is a a <a>dictionary</a> element withing a <a>frame</a>
which represents a specific portion of the <a>frame</a> matching either a
<a>node object</a> or a <a>value object</a> in the input.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-graph-name" data-lt="graph names">graph name</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-graph-name" data-lt="graph names">graph name</dfn></dt><dd>
The <a>IRI</a> identifying a <a>named graph</a>.</dd>
<dt class="changed"><dfn data-lt="id maps">id map</dfn></dt><dd class="changed">
An <a>id map</a> is a <a>JSON object</a> value of a <a>term</a> defined with
Expand All @@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
<a>set object</a>, or
an <a>array</a> of zero or more of the above possibilities.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rfc3987#section-1.3" data-lt="IRIs|Internationalized Resource Identifier"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RFC3987#section-1.3" data-lt="IRIs|Internationalized Resource Identifier"><abbr title="Internationalized Resource Identifier">IRI</abbr></dfn></dt><dd>
An Internationalized Resource Identifier as described in [[!RFC3987]].</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="JSON-LD documents">JSON-LD document</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>JSON-LD document</a> is a serialization of a collection of
Expand All @@ -152,25 +152,25 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
<a>string</a>, or
an <a>array</a> of zero or more of the above possibilities.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-language-tagged-string" data-lt="language-tagged strings">language-tagged string</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-language-tagged-string" data-lt="language-tagged strings">language-tagged string</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>language-tagged string</a> consists of a string and a non-empty language
tag as defined by [[!BCP47]]. The <dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-language-tag">language tag</dfn> MUST be well-formed according to
<a data-cite="bcp47#section-2.2.9">section 2.2.9 Classes of Conformance</a>
tag as defined by [[!BCP47]]. The <dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-language-tag">language tag</dfn> MUST be well-formed according to
<a data-cite="BCP47#section-2.2.9">section 2.2.9 Classes of Conformance</a>
of [[!BCP47]], and is normalized to lowercase.</dd>
<dt><dfn>Linked Data</dfn></dt><dd>
A set of documents, each containing a representation of a <a>linked data graph</a>.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-rdf-graph" data-lt="graph|graphs">linked data graph</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-rdf-graph" data-lt="graph|graphs">linked data graph</dfn></dt><dd>
A labeled directed graph, i.e., a set of <a>nodes</a>
connected by <a>edges</a>,
as specified in the <a data-cite="JSON-LD#data-model">Data Model</a>
section of the JSON-LD specification [[!JSON-LD]].
A <a>linked data graph</a> is a generalized representation of a
<a data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-rdf-graph">RDF graph</a>
<a data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-rdf-graph">RDF graph</a>
as defined in [[!RDF-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="lists">list</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>list</a> is an ordered sequence of <a>IRIs</a>,
<a>blank nodes</a>, and <a>JSON-LD values</a>.
See <dfn data-cite="rdf-schema#ch_collectionvocab" data-lt="collection">RDF collection</dfn>
See <dfn data-cite="RDF-SCHEMA#ch_collectionvocab" data-lt="collection">RDF collection</dfn>
in [[RDF-SCHEMA]].</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="list objects">list object</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>list object</a> is a <a>JSON object</a> that has an <code>@list</code>
Expand All @@ -180,13 +180,13 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
<dt><dfn data-lt="local contexts">local context</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>context</a> that is specified within a <a>JSON object</a>,
specified via the <code>@context</code> <a>keyword</a>.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-named-graph" data-lt="named graphs">named graph</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-named-graph" data-lt="named graphs">named graph</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>linked data graph</a> that is identified by an <a>IRI</a> or <a>blank node</a>
<dt><dfn data-lt="nested properties">nested property</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>nested property</a> is a <a>property</a> which is contained within an object referenced by
a semantically meaningless <em>nesting property</em>.
</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-node" data-lt="nodes">node</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-node" data-lt="nodes">node</dfn></dt><dd>
Every <a>node</a> is an <a>IRI</a>, a <a>blank node</a>,
a <a>JSON-LD value</a>, or a <a>list</a>.
A piece of information that is represented in a <a>linked data graph</a>.</dd>
Expand All @@ -205,34 +205,34 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
<dt><dfn data-lt="node references">node reference</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>node object</a> used to reference a node having only the
<code>@id</code> key.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-object" data-lt="objects">object</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-object" data-lt="objects">object</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>node</a> in a <a>linked data graph</a> with at least one incoming edge.
See <dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-object">RDF object</dfn>in [[RDF11-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
See <dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-object">RDF object</dfn>in [[RDF11-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="prefixes">prefix</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>prefix</a> is a <a>term</a> that expands to a vocabulary <a>base IRI</a>. It
is typically used along with a <em>suffix</em> to form a <a>compact IRI</a> to create an IRI
within a vocabulary.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="properties">property</dfn></dt><dd>
The <a>IRI</a> label of an edge in a <a>linked data graph</a>.
See <dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-predicate" data-lt="predicate|predicates|RDF predicates">RDF predicate</dfn> in [[RDF11-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
See <dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-predicate" data-lt="predicate|predicates|RDF predicates">RDF predicate</dfn> in [[RDF11-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="quads">quad</dfn></dt><dd>
A piece of information that contains four items; a <a>subject</a>, a <a>property</a>,
an <a>object</a>, and a <a>graph name</a>.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-rdf-dataset" data-lt="dataset">RDF dataset</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-rdf-dataset" data-lt="dataset">RDF dataset</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>dataset</a> as specified by [[RDF11-CONCEPTS]] representing a collection of
<a data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-rdf-graph">RDF graphs</a>.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-resource" data-lt="resource">RDF resource</dfn></dt><dd>
<a data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-rdf-graph">RDF graphs</a>.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-resource" data-lt="resource">RDF resource</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>resource</a> as specified by [[RDF11-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-rdf-triple" data-lt="triple|triples|RDF triples">RDF triple</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-rdf-triple" data-lt="triple|triples|RDF triples">RDF triple</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>triple</a> as specified by [[RDF11-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="relative IRIs">relative IRI</dfn></dt><dd>
A relative IRI is an <a>IRI</a> that is relative to some other <a>absolute IRI</a>.</dd>
<dt><dfn>set object</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>set object</a> is a <a>JSON object</a> that has an <code>@set</code>
member.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-subject" data-lt="subjects">subject</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-subject" data-lt="subjects">subject</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>node</a> in a <a>linked data graph</a> with at least one outgoing edge, related to an <a>object</a> node through a <a>property</a>.
See <dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-subject">RDF subject</dfn> in [[RDF11-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
See <dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-subject">RDF subject</dfn> in [[RDF11-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="terms">term</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>term</a> is a short word defined in a <a>context</a> that MAY be expanded to an <a>IRI</a>
</dd>
Expand All @@ -249,10 +249,10 @@ <h1>General Terminology</h1>
value MUST be a <a>node object</a>, or <a>array</a> of node objects.
If the value contains a property expanding to <code>@type</code>, it's values
are merged with the map value when expanding.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-typed-literal">typed literal</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-typed-literal">typed literal</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>typed literal</a> is a <a>literal</a> with an associated <a>IRI</a>
which indicates the literal's datatype.
See <dfn data-cite="rdf11-concepts#dfn-literal" data-lt="RDF literals">RDF literal</dfn> in [[!RDF-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
See <dfn data-cite="RDF11-CONCEPTS#dfn-literal" data-lt="RDF literals">RDF literal</dfn> in [[!RDF-CONCEPTS]].</dd>
<dt><dfn data-lt="typed values">typed value</dfn></dt><dd>
A <a>typed value</a> consists of a value, which is a <a>string</a>, and a type,
which is an <a>IRI</a>.</dd>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ <h1>Algorithm Terms</h1>
as a stack with elements from the previous <a>processor state</a>
copied into a new <a>processor state</a> when entering a new
<a>JSON object</a>.</dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="ecmascript-6.0#sec-promise-objects" data-lt="promises">promise</dfn></dt><dd>
<dt><dfn data-cite="ECMASCRIPT-6.0#sec-promise-objects" data-lt="promises">promise</dfn></dt><dd>
A <em>promise</em> is an object that represents the eventual result of a single asynchronous operation.
Promises are defined in [[ECMASCRIPT-6.0]].</dd>
<dt><dfn>require all flag</dfn></dt><dd>
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