feat: Basic finset lemmas (#9225)

From LeanAPAP and LeanCamCombi

Mathlib/Data/Finset/Basic.lean

@@ -477,8 +477,7 @@ theorem coe_coeEmb : ⇑(coeEmb : Finset α ↪o Set α) = ((↑) : Finset α 
 /-- The property `s.Nonempty` expresses the fact that the finset `s` is not empty. It should be used
 in theorem assumptions instead of `∃ x, x ∈ s` or `s ≠ ∅` as it gives access to a nice API thanks
 to the dot notation. -/
-protected def Nonempty (s : Finset α) : Prop :=
-  ∃ x : α, x ∈ s
+@[pp_dot] protected def Nonempty (s : Finset α) : Prop := ∃ x : α, x ∈ s
 #align finset.nonempty Finset.Nonempty
 
 --Porting note: Much longer than in Lean3
@@ -738,6 +737,12 @@ theorem coe_eq_singleton {s : Finset α} {a : α} : (s : Set α) = {a} ↔ s = {
   rw [← coe_singleton, coe_inj]
 #align finset.coe_eq_singleton Finset.coe_eq_singleton
 
+@[norm_cast]
+lemma coe_subset_singleton : (s : Set α) ⊆ {a} ↔ s ⊆ {a} := by rw [← coe_subset, coe_singleton]
+
+@[norm_cast]
+lemma singleton_subset_coe : {a} ⊆ (s : Set α) ↔ {a} ⊆ s := by rw [← coe_subset, coe_singleton]
+
 theorem eq_singleton_iff_unique_mem {s : Finset α} {a : α} : s = {a} ↔ a ∈ s ∧ ∀ x ∈ s, x = a := by
   constructor <;> intro t
   · rw [t]
@@ -1918,6 +1923,12 @@ theorem erase_empty (a : α) : erase ∅ a = ∅ :=
   rfl
 #align finset.erase_empty Finset.erase_empty
 
+@[simp] lemma erase_nonempty (ha : a ∈ s) : (s.erase a).Nonempty ↔ s.Nontrivial := by
+  simp only [Finset.Nonempty, mem_erase, and_comm (b := _ ∈ _)]
+  refine ⟨?_, fun hs ↦ hs.exists_ne a⟩
+  rintro ⟨b, hb, hba⟩
+  exact ⟨_, hb, _, ha, hba⟩
+
 @[simp]
 theorem erase_singleton (a : α) : ({a} : Finset α).erase a = ∅ := by
   ext x
@@ -2075,6 +2086,19 @@ theorem erase_injOn' (a : α) : { s : Finset α | a ∈ s }.InjOn fun s => erase
   fun s hs t ht (h : s.erase a = _) => by rw [← insert_erase hs, ← insert_erase ht, h]
 #align finset.erase_inj_on' Finset.erase_injOn'
 
+lemma Nonempty.exists_cons_eq (hs : s.Nonempty) : ∃ t a ha, cons a t ha = s := by
+  classical
+  obtain ⟨a, ha⟩ := hs
+  exact ⟨s.erase a, a, not_mem_erase _ _, by simp [insert_erase ha]⟩
+
+lemma Nontrivial.exists_cons_eq (hs : s.Nontrivial) :
+    ∃ t a ha b hb hab, (cons b t hb).cons a (mem_cons.not.2 $ not_or_intro hab ha) = s := by
+  classical
+  obtain ⟨a, ha, b, hb, hab⟩ := hs
+  have : b ∈ s.erase a := mem_erase.2 ⟨hab.symm, hb⟩
+  refine ⟨(s.erase a).erase b, a, ?_, b, ?_, ?_, ?_⟩ <;>
+    simp [insert_erase this, insert_erase ha, *]
+
 end Erase
 
 /-! ### sdiff -/
@@ -2246,6 +2270,15 @@ theorem insert_sdiff_insert (s t : Finset α) (x : α) : insert x s \ insert x t
   insert_sdiff_of_mem _ (mem_insert_self _ _)
 #align finset.insert_sdiff_insert Finset.insert_sdiff_insert
 
+lemma insert_sdiff_insert' (hab : a ≠ b) (ha : a ∉ s) : insert a s \ insert b s = {a} := by
+  ext; aesop
+
+lemma erase_sdiff_erase (hab : a ≠ b) (hb : b ∈ s) : s.erase a \ s.erase b = {b} := by
+  ext; aesop
+
+lemma cons_sdiff_cons (hab : a ≠ b) (ha hb) : s.cons a ha \ s.cons b hb = {a} := by
+  rw [cons_eq_insert, cons_eq_insert, insert_sdiff_insert' hab ha]
+
 theorem sdiff_insert_of_not_mem {x : α} (h : x ∉ s) (t : Finset α) : s \ insert x t = s \ t := by
   refine' Subset.antisymm (sdiff_subset_sdiff (Subset.refl _) (subset_insert _ _)) fun y hy => _
   simp only [mem_sdiff, mem_insert, not_or] at hy ⊢
@@ -2289,6 +2322,12 @@ theorem disjoint_erase_comm : Disjoint (s.erase a) t ↔ Disjoint s (t.erase a)
   simp_rw [erase_eq, disjoint_sdiff_comm]
 #align finset.disjoint_erase_comm Finset.disjoint_erase_comm
 
+lemma disjoint_insert_erase (ha : a ∉ t) : Disjoint (s.erase a) (insert a t) ↔ Disjoint s t := by
+  rw [disjoint_erase_comm, erase_insert ha]
+
+lemma disjoint_erase_insert (ha : a ∉ s) : Disjoint (insert a s) (t.erase a) ↔ Disjoint s t := by
+  rw [← disjoint_erase_comm, erase_insert ha]
+
 theorem disjoint_of_erase_left (ha : a ∉ t) (hst : Disjoint (s.erase a) t) : Disjoint s t := by
   rw [← erase_insert ha, ← disjoint_erase_comm, disjoint_insert_right]
   exact ⟨not_mem_erase _ _, hst⟩
@@ -2490,6 +2529,8 @@ theorem attach_nonempty_iff {s : Finset α} : s.attach.Nonempty ↔ s.Nonempty :
   simp [Finset.Nonempty]
 #align finset.attach_nonempty_iff Finset.attach_nonempty_iff
 
+protected alias ⟨_, Nonempty.attach⟩ := attach_nonempty_iff
+
 @[simp]
 theorem attach_eq_empty_iff {s : Finset α} : s.attach = ∅ ↔ s = ∅ := by
   simp [eq_empty_iff_forall_not_mem]

Mathlib/Data/Fintype/Basic.lean

@@ -178,6 +178,11 @@ theorem coe_compl (s : Finset α) : ↑sᶜ = (↑s : Set α)ᶜ :=
 @[simp] lemma compl_subset_compl : sᶜ ⊆ tᶜ ↔ t ⊆ s := @compl_le_compl_iff_le (Finset α) _ _ _
 @[simp] lemma compl_ssubset_compl : sᶜ ⊂ tᶜ ↔ t ⊂ s := @compl_lt_compl_iff_lt (Finset α) _ _ _
 
+lemma subset_compl_comm : s ⊆ tᶜ ↔ t ⊆ sᶜ := le_compl_iff_le_compl (α := Finset α)
+
+@[simp] lemma subset_compl_singleton : s ⊆ {a}ᶜ ↔ a ∉ s := by
+  rw [subset_compl_comm, singleton_subset_iff, mem_compl]
+
 @[simp]
 theorem compl_empty : (∅ : Finset α)ᶜ = univ :=
   compl_bot
@@ -276,6 +281,11 @@ theorem image_univ_equiv [Fintype β] (f : β ≃ α) : univ.image f = univ :=
 
 end BooleanAlgebra
 
+-- @[simp] --Note this would loop with `Finset.univ_unique`
+lemma singleton_eq_univ [Subsingleton α] (a : α) : ({a} : Finset α) = univ := by
+  ext b; simp [Subsingleton.elim a b]
+
+
 theorem map_univ_of_surjective [Fintype β] {f : β ↪ α} (hf : Surjective f) : univ.map f = univ :=
   eq_univ_of_forall <| hf.forall.2 fun _ => mem_map_of_mem _ <| mem_univ _
 #align finset.map_univ_of_surjective Finset.map_univ_of_surjective
@@ -360,6 +370,9 @@ instance decidableMemRangeFintype [Fintype α] [DecidableEq β] (f : α → β)
     DecidablePred (· ∈ Set.range f) := fun _ => Fintype.decidableExistsFintype
 #align fintype.decidable_mem_range_fintype Fintype.decidableMemRangeFintype
 
+instance decidableSubsingleton [Fintype α] [DecidableEq α] {s : Set α} [DecidablePred (· ∈ s)] :
+    Decidable s.Subsingleton := decidable_of_iff (∀ a ∈ s, ∀ b ∈ s, a = b) Iff.rfl
+
 section BundledHoms
 
 instance decidableEqEquivFintype [DecidableEq β] [Fintype α] : DecidableEq (α ≃ β) := fun a b =>
@@ -472,6 +485,9 @@ namespace Finset
 
 variable [Fintype α] [DecidableEq α] {s t : Finset α}
 
+@[simp]
+lemma filter_univ_mem (s : Finset α) : univ.filter (· ∈ s) = s := by simp [filter_mem_eq_inter]
+
 instance decidableCodisjoint : Decidable (Codisjoint s t) :=
   decidable_of_iff _ codisjoint_left.symm
 #align finset.decidable_codisjoint Finset.decidableCodisjoint

Mathlib/Data/Fintype/Card.lean

@@ -398,6 +398,12 @@ theorem Fintype.card_lex (α : Type*) [Fintype α] : Fintype.card (Lex α) = Fin
   rfl
 #align fintype.card_lex Fintype.card_lex
 
+@[simp] lemma Fintype.card_multiplicative (α : Type*) [Fintype α] :
+    card (Multiplicative α) = card α := Finset.card_map _
+
+@[simp] lemma Fintype.card_additive (α : Type*) [Fintype α] : card (Additive α) = card α :=
+  Finset.card_map _
+
 /-- Given that `α ⊕ β` is a fintype, `α` is also a fintype. This is non-computable as it uses
 that `Sum.inl` is an injection, but there's no clear inverse if `α` is empty. -/
 noncomputable def Fintype.sumLeft {α β} [Fintype (Sum α β)] : Fintype α :=