feat(Mathlib.RingTheory.TensorProduct.MvPolynomial) : tensor product …

…of a (multivariate) polynomial ring (#12293)

Let `Semiring R`, `Algebra R S` and `Module R N`.

* `MvPolynomial.rTensor` gives the linear equivalence
  `MvPolynomial σ S ⊗[R] N ≃ₗ[R] (σ →₀ ℕ) →₀ (S ⊗[R] N)` characterized,
  for `p : MvPolynomial σ S`, `n : N` and `d : σ →₀ ℕ`, by
  `rTensor (p ⊗ₜ[R] n) d = (coeff d p) ⊗ₜ[R] n`
* `MvPolynomial.scalarRTensor` gives the linear equivalence
  `MvPolynomial σ R ⊗[R] N ≃ₗ[R] (σ →₀ ℕ) →₀ N`
  such that `MvPolynomial.scalarRTensor (p ⊗ₜ[R] n) d = coeff d p • n`
  for `p : MvPolynomial σ R`, `n : N` and `d : σ →₀ ℕ`, by

* `MvPolynomial.rTensorAlgHom`, the algebra morphism from the tensor product
  of a polynomial algebra by an algebra to a polynomial algebra
* `MvPolynomial.rTensorAlgEquiv`, `MvPolynomial.scalarRTensorAlgEquiv`,
  the tensor product of a polynomial algebra by an algebra
  is algebraically equivalent to a polynomial algebra



Co-authored-by: Oliver Nash <github@olivernash.org>
Co-authored-by: Antoine Chambert-Loir <antoine.chambert-loir@math.univ-paris-diderot.fr>

Mathlib.lean

@@ -3640,6 +3640,7 @@ import Mathlib.RingTheory.RootsOfUnity.Minpoly
 import Mathlib.RingTheory.SimpleModule
 import Mathlib.RingTheory.Smooth.Basic
 import Mathlib.RingTheory.TensorProduct.Basic
+import Mathlib.RingTheory.TensorProduct.MvPolynomial
 import Mathlib.RingTheory.Trace
 import Mathlib.RingTheory.UniqueFactorizationDomain
 import Mathlib.RingTheory.Unramified.Basic

Mathlib/Algebra/MvPolynomial/Basic.lean

@@ -644,6 +644,14 @@ def coeffAddMonoidHom (m : σ →₀ ℕ) : MvPolynomial σ R →+ R where
   map_add' := coeff_add m
 #align mv_polynomial.coeff_add_monoid_hom MvPolynomial.coeffAddMonoidHom
 
+variable (R) in
+/-- `MvPolynomial.coeff m` but promoted to a `LinearMap`. -/
+@[simps]
+def lcoeff (m : σ →₀ ℕ) : MvPolynomial σ R →ₗ[R] R where
+  toFun := coeff m
+  map_add' := coeff_add m
+  map_smul' := coeff_smul m
+
 theorem coeff_sum {X : Type*} (s : Finset X) (f : X → MvPolynomial σ R) (m : σ →₀ ℕ) :
     coeff m (∑ x ∈ s, f x) = ∑ x ∈ s, coeff m (f x) :=
   map_sum (@coeffAddMonoidHom R σ _ _) _ s

Mathlib/Data/Finsupp/Defs.lean

@@ -452,6 +452,14 @@ theorem unique_single_eq_iff [Unique α] {b' : M} : single a b = single a' b' 
   rw [unique_ext_iff, Unique.eq_default a, Unique.eq_default a', single_eq_same, single_eq_same]
 #align finsupp.unique_single_eq_iff Finsupp.unique_single_eq_iff
 
+lemma apply_single [AddCommMonoid N] [AddCommMonoid P]
+    {F : Type*} [FunLike F N P] [AddMonoidHomClass F N P] (e : F)
+    (a : α) (n : N) (b : α) :
+    e ((single a n) b) = single a (e n) b := by
+  classical
+  simp only [single_apply]
+  split_ifs; rfl; exact map_zero e
+
 theorem support_eq_singleton {f : α →₀ M} {a : α} :
     f.support = {a} ↔ f a ≠ 0 ∧ f = single a (f a) :=
   ⟨fun h =>

Mathlib/RingTheory/TensorProduct/MvPolynomial.lean

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+/-
+Copyright (c) 2024 Antoine Chambert-Loir. All rights reserved.
+Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
+Authors: Antoine Chambert-Loir
+-/
+
+import Mathlib.LinearAlgebra.DirectSum.Finsupp
+import Mathlib.Algebra.MvPolynomial.Basic
+import Mathlib.RingTheory.TensorProduct.Basic
+import Mathlib.Algebra.MvPolynomial.Equiv
+/-!
+
+# Tensor Product of (multivariate) polynomial rings
+
+Let `Semiring R`, `Algebra R S` and `Module R N`.
+
+* `MvPolynomial.rTensor` gives the linear equivalence
+  `MvPolynomial σ S ⊗[R] N ≃ₗ[R] (σ →₀ ℕ) →₀ (S ⊗[R] N)` characterized,
+  for `p : MvPolynomial σ S`, `n : N` and `d : σ →₀ ℕ`, by
+  `rTensor (p ⊗ₜ[R] n) d = (coeff d p) ⊗ₜ[R] n`
+* `MvPolynomial.scalarRTensor` gives the linear equivalence
+  `MvPolynomial σ R ⊗[R] N ≃ₗ[R] (σ →₀ ℕ) →₀ N`
+  such that `MvPolynomial.scalarRTensor (p ⊗ₜ[R] n) d = coeff d p • n`
+  for `p : MvPolynomial σ R`, `n : N` and `d : σ →₀ ℕ`, by
+
+* `MvPolynomial.rTensorAlgHom`, the algebra morphism from the tensor product
+  of a polynomial algebra by an algebra to a polynomial algebra
+* `MvPolynomial.rTensorAlgEquiv`, `MvPolynomial.scalarRTensorAlgEquiv`,
+  the tensor product of a polynomial algebra by an algebra
+  is algebraically equivalent to a polynomial algebra
+
+## TODO :
+* `MvPolynomial.rTensor` could be phrased in terms of `AddMonoidAlgebra`, and
+  `MvPolynomial.rTensor` then has `smul` by the polynomial algebra.
+* `MvPolynomial.rTensorAlgHom` and `MvPolynomial.scalarRTensorAlgEquiv`
+  are morphisms for the algebra structure by `MvPolynomial σ R`.
+-/
+
+
+universe u v w
+
+noncomputable section
+
+namespace MvPolynomial
+
+open DirectSum TensorProduct
+
+open Set LinearMap Submodule
+
+variable {R : Type u} {M : Type v} {N : Type w}
+  [CommSemiring R] [AddCommMonoid M] [Module R M]
+
+variable {σ : Type*} [DecidableEq σ]
+
+variable {S : Type*} [CommSemiring S] [Algebra R S]
+
+section Module
+
+variable [AddCommMonoid N] [Module R N]
+
+/-- The tensor product of a polynomial ring by a module is
+  linearly equivalent to a Finsupp of a tensor product -/
+noncomputable def rTensor :
+    MvPolynomial σ S ⊗[R] N ≃ₗ[S] (σ →₀ ℕ) →₀ (S ⊗[R] N) :=
+  TensorProduct.finsuppLeft' _ _ _ _ _
+
+lemma rTensor_apply_tmul (p : MvPolynomial σ S) (n : N) :
+    rTensor (p ⊗ₜ[R] n) = p.sum (fun i m ↦ Finsupp.single i (m ⊗ₜ[R] n)) :=
+  TensorProduct.finsuppLeft_apply_tmul p n
+
+lemma rTensor_apply_tmul_apply (p : MvPolynomial σ S) (n : N) (d : σ →₀ ℕ) :
+    rTensor (p ⊗ₜ[R] n) d = (coeff d p) ⊗ₜ[R] n :=
+  TensorProduct.finsuppLeft_apply_tmul_apply p n d
+
+lemma rTensor_apply_monomial_tmul (e : σ →₀ ℕ) (s : S) (n : N) (d : σ →₀ ℕ) :
+    rTensor (monomial e s ⊗ₜ[R] n) d = if e = d then s ⊗ₜ[R] n else 0 := by
+  simp only [rTensor_apply_tmul_apply, coeff_monomial, ite_tmul]
+
+lemma rTensor_apply_X_tmul (s : σ) (n : N) (d : σ →₀ ℕ) :
+    rTensor (X s ⊗ₜ[R] n) d = if Finsupp.single s 1 = d then (1 : S) ⊗ₜ[R] n else 0 := by
+  rw [rTensor_apply_tmul_apply, coeff_X', ite_tmul]
+
+lemma rTensor_apply (t : MvPolynomial σ S ⊗[R] N) (d : σ →₀ ℕ) :
+    rTensor t d = ((lcoeff S d).restrictScalars R).rTensor N t :=
+  TensorProduct.finsuppLeft_apply t d
+
+@[simp]
+lemma rTensor_symm_apply_single (d : σ →₀ ℕ) (s : S) (n : N) :
+    rTensor.symm (Finsupp.single d (s ⊗ₜ n)) =
+      (monomial d s) ⊗ₜ[R] n :=
+  TensorProduct.finsuppLeft_symm_apply_single (R := R) d s n
+
+/-- The tensor product of the polynomial algebra by a module
+  is linearly equivalent to a Finsupp of that module -/
+noncomputable def scalarRTensor :
+    MvPolynomial σ R ⊗[R] N ≃ₗ[R] (σ →₀ ℕ) →₀ N :=
+  TensorProduct.finsuppScalarLeft _ _ _
+
+lemma scalarRTensor_apply_tmul (p : MvPolynomial σ R) (n : N) :
+    scalarRTensor (p ⊗ₜ[R] n) = p.sum (fun i m ↦ Finsupp.single i (m • n)) :=
+  TensorProduct.finsuppScalarLeft_apply_tmul p n
+
+lemma scalarRTensor_apply_tmul_apply (p : MvPolynomial σ R) (n : N) (d : σ →₀ ℕ):
+    scalarRTensor (p ⊗ₜ[R] n) d = coeff d p • n :=
+  TensorProduct.finsuppScalarLeft_apply_tmul_apply p n d
+
+lemma scalarRTensor_apply_monomial_tmul (e : σ →₀ ℕ) (r : R) (n : N) (d : σ →₀ ℕ):
+    scalarRTensor (monomial e r ⊗ₜ[R] n) d = if e = d then r • n else 0 := by
+  rw [scalarRTensor_apply_tmul_apply, coeff_monomial, ite_smul, zero_smul]
+
+ lemma scalarRTensor_apply_X_tmul_apply (s : σ) (n : N) (d : σ →₀ ℕ):
+    scalarRTensor (X s ⊗ₜ[R] n) d = if Finsupp.single s 1 = d then n else 0 := by
+  rw [scalarRTensor_apply_tmul_apply, coeff_X', ite_smul, one_smul, zero_smul]
+
+lemma scalarRTensor_symm_apply_single (d : σ →₀ ℕ) (n : N) :
+    scalarRTensor.symm (Finsupp.single d n) = (monomial d 1) ⊗ₜ[R] n :=
+  TensorProduct.finsuppScalarLeft_symm_apply_single d n
+
+end Module
+
+section Algebra
+
+variable [CommSemiring N] [Algebra R N]
+
+/-- The algebra morphism from a tensor product of a polynomial algebra
+  by an algebra to a polynomial algebra -/
+noncomputable def rTensorAlgHom :
+    (MvPolynomial σ S) ⊗[R] N →ₐ[S] MvPolynomial σ (S ⊗[R] N) :=
+  Algebra.TensorProduct.lift
+    (mapAlgHom Algebra.TensorProduct.includeLeft)
+    ((IsScalarTower.toAlgHom R (S ⊗[R] N) _).comp Algebra.TensorProduct.includeRight)
+    (fun p n => by simp [commute_iff_eq, algebraMap_eq, mul_comm])
+
+@[simp]
+lemma coeff_rTensorAlgHom_tmul
+    (p : MvPolynomial σ S) (n : N) (d : σ →₀ ℕ) :
+    coeff d (rTensorAlgHom (p ⊗ₜ[R] n)) = (coeff d p) ⊗ₜ[R] n := by
+  rw [rTensorAlgHom, Algebra.TensorProduct.lift_tmul]
+  rw [AlgHom.coe_comp, IsScalarTower.coe_toAlgHom', Function.comp_apply,
+    Algebra.TensorProduct.includeRight_apply]
+  rw [algebraMap_eq, mul_comm, coeff_C_mul]
+  simp [mapAlgHom, coeff_map]
+
+lemma coeff_rTensorAlgHom_monomial_tmul
+    (e : σ →₀ ℕ) (s : S) (n : N) (d : σ →₀ ℕ) :
+    coeff d (rTensorAlgHom (monomial e s ⊗ₜ[R] n)) =
+      if e = d then s ⊗ₜ[R] n else 0 := by
+  simp [ite_tmul]
+
+lemma rTensorAlgHom_toLinearMap :
+    (rTensorAlgHom :
+      MvPolynomial σ S ⊗[R] N →ₐ[S] MvPolynomial σ (S ⊗[R] N)).toLinearMap =
+      rTensor.toLinearMap := by
+  ext d n e
+  dsimp only [AlgebraTensorModule.curry_apply, TensorProduct.curry_apply,
+    LinearMap.coe_restrictScalars, AlgHom.toLinearMap_apply]
+  simp only [coe_comp, Function.comp_apply, AlgebraTensorModule.curry_apply, curry_apply,
+    LinearMap.coe_restrictScalars, AlgHom.toLinearMap_apply]
+  rw [coeff_rTensorAlgHom_tmul]
+  simp only [coeff]
+  erw [finsuppLeft_apply_tmul_apply]
+
+lemma rTensorAlgHom_apply_eq (p : MvPolynomial σ S ⊗[R] N) :
+    rTensorAlgHom (S := S) p = rTensor p := by
+  rw [← AlgHom.toLinearMap_apply, rTensorAlgHom_toLinearMap]
+  rfl
+
+/-- The tensor product of a polynomial algebra by an algebra
+  is algebraically equivalent to a polynomial algebra -/
+noncomputable def rTensorAlgEquiv :
+    (MvPolynomial σ S) ⊗[R] N ≃ₐ[S] MvPolynomial σ (S ⊗[R] N) := by
+  apply AlgEquiv.ofLinearEquiv rTensor
+  · simp only [Algebra.TensorProduct.one_def]
+    apply symm
+    rw [← LinearEquiv.symm_apply_eq]
+    exact finsuppLeft_symm_apply_single (R := R) (0 : σ →₀ ℕ) (1 : S) (1 : N)
+  · intro x y
+    erw [← rTensorAlgHom_apply_eq (S := S)]
+    simp only [_root_.map_mul, rTensorAlgHom_apply_eq]
+    rfl
+
+/-- The tensor product of the polynomial algebra by an algebra
+  is algebraically equivalent to a polynomial algebra with
+  coefficients in that algegra -/
+noncomputable def scalarRTensorAlgEquiv :
+    MvPolynomial σ R ⊗[R] N ≃ₐ[R] MvPolynomial σ N :=
+  rTensorAlgEquiv.trans (mapAlgEquiv σ (Algebra.TensorProduct.lid R N))
+
+end Algebra
+
+end MvPolynomial
+
+end