CI: add llvm/clang sanitizer tests

[ngoldbaum]

Closes #25875

This is following up on #25875 (comment) to re-enable the sanitizer tests, this time using clang instead of gcc.

This works on my Ubuntu 22.04 laptop but may require some futzing to get it working on the github actions runners.

[ngoldbaum]

This CI job is currently manually disabled so it won't show up in the CI summary on this PR. I hacked the workflow to run on this branch on my fork which triggered this run: https://github.com/ngoldbaum/numpy/actions/runs/8712899857/job/23900186758

Assuming that passes we can merge this PR and re-enable the workflow in the github actions settings.

[ngoldbaum]

It looks like the CI job passed on my fork, so this should be good to go.

[seberg]

Thanks Nathan, let's give this a shot.