Split metric configuration down to instrument

[MrAlias]

Resolves #3889
Resolves #3872

In order to ensure forward compatibility with fine-grain configuration of each instrument, split the instrument configuration to be per instrument.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #3895 (83c5666) into main (6eb1157) will increase coverage by 0.1%.
The diff coverage is 100.0%.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main   #3895     +/-   ##
=======================================
+ Coverage   81.6%   81.8%   +0.1%     
=======================================
  Files        169     169             
  Lines      12711   12855    +144     
=======================================
+ Hits       10375   10517    +142     
- Misses      2117    2119      +2     
  Partials     219     219             

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
internal/global/instruments.go	60.8% <ø> (ø)
internal/global/meter.go	93.8% <100.0%> (ø)
metric/instrument/asyncfloat64.go	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
metric/instrument/asyncint64.go	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
metric/instrument/instrument.go	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
metric/instrument/syncfloat64.go	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
metric/instrument/syncint64.go	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
metric/noop.go	97.2% <100.0%> (ø)
sdk/metric/meter.go	89.5% <100.0%> (ø)

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes