[GR-52170] Document -O, -march, and build artifacts.

docs/reference-manual/native-image/BuildOutput.md

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ Recommendations:
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
     0.8s (4.6% of total time) in 35 GCs | Peak RSS: 1.93GB | CPU load: 9.61
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Produced artifacts:
+Build artifacts:
  /home/janedoe/helloworld/helloworld (executable)
  /home/janedoe/helloworld/helloworld.debug (debug_info)
  /home/janedoe/helloworld/sources (debug_info)
@@ -341,11 +341,22 @@ If there is enough headroom and the [GC statistics](#glossary-garbage-collection
 The CPU time used by the process divided by the total process time.
 Increase the number of CPU cores to reduce the time to build the native binary.
 
+## <a name="glossary-build-artifacts"></a>Build Artifacts
+
+The list of all build artifacts.
+This includes the generated native binary, but it can also contain other artifacts such as additional libraries, C header files, or debug info.
+Some of these artifacts must remain in the same location with the native binary as they are needed at run time.
+For applications using AWT, for example, the build process will also output libraries from the JDK and shims to provide compatible AWT support.
+These libraries need to be copied and distributed together with the native binary.
+Use the `-H:+GenerateBuildArtifactsFile` option to instruct the builder to produce a machine-readable version of the build artifact list in JSON format.
+Such a JSON file validates against the JSON schema defined in [`build-artifacts-schema-v0.9.0.json`](https://github.com/oracle/graal/blob/master/docs/reference-manual/native-image/assets/build-artifacts-schema-v0.9.0.json).
+This schema also contains descriptions for each possible artifact type and explains whether they are needed at run time or not.
+
 ## Machine-Readable Build Output
 
 The build output produced by the `native-image` builder is designed for humans, can evolve with new releases, and should thus not be parsed in any way by tools.
 Instead, use the `-H:BuildOutputJSONFile=<file.json>` option to instruct the builder to produce machine-readable build output in JSON format that can be used, for example, for building monitoring tools.
-The JSON files validate against the JSON schema defined in [`build-output-schema-v0.9.2.json`](https://github.com/oracle/graal/tree/master/docs/reference-manual/native-image/assets/build-output-schema-v0.9.2.json).
+Such a JSON file validates against the JSON schema defined in [`build-output-schema-v0.9.2.json`](https://github.com/oracle/graal/tree/master/docs/reference-manual/native-image/assets/build-output-schema-v0.9.2.json).
 Note that a JSON file is produced if and only if a build succeeds.
 
 The following example illustrates how this could be used in a CI/CD build pipeline to check that the number of reachable methods does not exceed a certain threshold:

docs/reference-manual/native-image/MemoryManagement.md

@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ Here is a small subset of the options that can be specified when doing performan
 
 ```shell
 # Build and execute a native image that uses the G1 GC with a region size of 2MB and a maximum pause time goal of 100ms
-native-image --gc=G1 -H:G1RegionSize=2m -R:MaxGCPauseMillis=100 HelloWorld
+native-image --gc=G1 -H:G1HeapRegionSize=2m -R:MaxGCPauseMillis=100 HelloWorld
 ./helloworld
 
 # Execute the native image from above and override the maximum pause time goal

docs/reference-manual/native-image/OptimizationsAndPerformance.md

@@ -7,7 +7,35 @@ permalink: /reference-manual/native-image/optimizations-and-performance/
 
 # Optimizations and Performance
 
-Native Image provides advanced mechanisms to further optimize the generated binary:
+Native Image provides different mechanisms that enable users to optimize a generated binary in terms of performance, file size, build time, debuggability, and other metrics.
+
+### Optimization Levels
+
+Similar to `gcc` and `clang`, users can control the optimization level using the `-O` option.
+By default, `-O2` is used which aims for a good tradeoff between performance, file size, and build time.
+The following table provides an overview of the different optimization levels and explains when they are useful:
+
+| Level | Optimizations | Use Cases |
+|:---:|:---:|---|
+| `-Ob` | Reduced | Quick build mode: Speeds up builds during development by avoiding time-consuming optimizations. This can also reduce file size sometimes. |
+| `-O0` | None | Typically used together with `-g` to improve the debugging experience. |
+| `-O1` | Basic | Trades performance for reduced file size and build time. Oracle GraalVM's `-O1` is somewhat comparable to `-O2` in GraalVM Community Edition. |
+| `-O2` | Advanced | **Default:** Aims for good performance at a reasonable file size. |
+| `-O3` | All | Aims for the best performance at the cost of longer build times. Used automatically by Oracle GraalVM for [PGO builds](guides/optimize-native-executable-with-pgo.md) (`--pgo` option). `-O3` and `-O2` are identical in GraalVM Community Edition. |
+
+### Optimizing for Specific Machines
+
+Native Image provides a `-march` option that works similarly to the ones in `gcc` and `clang`: it enables users to control the set of instructions that the Graal compiler can use when compiling code to native.
+By default, Native Image uses [`x86-64-v3` on x64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64#Microarchitecture_levels){:target="_blank"} and [`armv8-a` on AArch64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family#Cores){:target="_blank"}.
+Use `-march=list` to list all available machine types.
+If the generated binary is built on the same or similar machine type that it is also deployed on, use `-march=native`.
+This option instructs the compiler to use all instructions that it finds available on the machine the binary is generated on.
+If the generated binary, on the other hand, is distributed to users with many different, and potentially very old machines, use `-march=compatibility`.
+This reduces the set of instructions used by the compiler to a minimum and thus improves the compatibility of the generated binary.
+
+### Additional Features
+
+Native Image provides additional features to further optimize a generated binary:
 
  - Profile-Guided Optimizations (PGO) can provide additional performance gain and higher throughput for most native images. See [Optimize a Native Executable with PGO](guides/optimize-native-executable-with-pgo.md).
  - Choosing an appropriate Garbage Collector and tailoring the garbage collection policy can reduce GC times. See [Memory Management](MemoryManagement.md).

docs/reference-manual/native-image/assets/build-artifacts-schema-v0.9.0.json

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
         "title": "Relative path to file or directory",
         "type": "string"
       },
-      "title": "Build information generated by Native Image (not needed at run-time)",
+      "title": "Build information generated by Native Image (not needed at run time)",
       "type": "array"
     },
     "c_headers": {
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
         "title": "Relative path to file or directory",
         "type": "string"
       },
-      "title": "C header files generated by Native Image (not needed at run-time)",
+      "title": "C header files generated by Native Image (not needed at run time)",
       "type": "array"
     },
     "debug_info": {
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
         "title": "Relative path to file or directory",
         "type": "string"
       },
-      "title": "Debug information generated by Native Image (not needed at run-time)",
+      "title": "Debug information generated by Native Image (not needed at run time)",
       "type": "array"
     },
     "executables": {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
         "title": "Relative path to file or directory",
         "type": "string"
       },
-      "title": "Executables generated by Native Image (needed at run-time)",
+      "title": "Executables generated by Native Image (needed at run time)",
       "type": "array"
     },
     "import_libraries": {
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
         "title": "Relative path to file or directory",
         "type": "string"
       },
-      "title": "Import libraries generated by Native Image (not needed at run-time)",
+      "title": "Import libraries generated by Native Image (not needed at run time)",
       "type": "array"
     },
     "jdk_libraries": {
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
         "title": "Relative path to file or directory",
         "type": "string"
       },
-      "title": "JDK libraries copied by Native Image (needed at run-time)",
+      "title": "JDK libraries copied by Native Image (needed at run time)",
       "type": "array"
     },
     "language_home": {
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
         "title": "Relative path to file or directory",
         "type": "string"
       },
-      "title": "Language home artifacts for Truffle languages (needed at run-time)",
+      "title": "Language home artifacts for Truffle languages (needed at run time)",
       "type": "array"
     },
     "shared_libraries": {
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
         "title": "Relative path to file or directory",
         "type": "string"
       },
-      "title": "Shared libraries generated by Native Image (not needed at run-time)",
+      "title": "Shared libraries generated by Native Image (needed at run time)",
       "type": "array"
     }
   },

substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/ProgressReporter.java

@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ private void printArtifacts(Map<ArtifactType, List<Path>> artifacts) {
             return;
         }
         l().printLineSeparator();
-        l().yellowBold().a("Produced artifacts:").reset().println();
+        l().yellowBold().doclink("Build artifacts", "#glossary-build-artifacts").a(":").reset().println();
         // Use TreeMap to sort paths alphabetically.
         Map<Path, List<String>> pathToTypes = new TreeMap<>();
         artifacts.forEach((artifactType, paths) -> {

substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/util/CPUType.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2023, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 
 import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
 
 import org.graalvm.nativeimage.Platform;
 
@@ -86,4 +87,8 @@ static String getSelectedOrDefaultMArch() {
             return "unknown";
         }
     }
+
+    static List<String> toNames(CPUType[] values) {
+        return Arrays.stream(values).map(CPUType::getName).toList();
+    }
 }

substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/util/CPUTypeAArch64.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2023, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ public static EnumSet<CPUFeature> getCPUFeaturesForArch(String marchValue) {
             throw UserError.abort("Unsupported architecture '%s'. Please adjust '%s'. On AArch64, only %s are available.",
                             marchValue,
                             SubstrateOptionsParser.commandArgument(NativeImageOptions.MicroArchitecture, marchValue),
-                            StringUtil.joinSingleQuoted(values()));
+                            StringUtil.joinSingleQuoted(CPUType.toNames(values())));
         }
         List<CPUFeature> features = new ArrayList<>(value.getFeatures());
         processFeatureModifiers(features, archParts);

substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/util/CPUTypeAMD64.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2023, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ public static EnumSet<CPUFeature> getCPUFeaturesForArch(String marchValue) {
             throw UserError.abort("Unsupported architecture '%s'. Please adjust '%s'. On AMD64, only %s are available.",
                             marchValue,
                             SubstrateOptionsParser.commandArgument(NativeImageOptions.MicroArchitecture, marchValue),
-                            StringUtil.joinSingleQuoted(values()));
+                            StringUtil.joinSingleQuoted(CPUType.toNames(values())));
         }
         return value.getFeatures();
     }

substratevm/src/com.oracle.svm.hosted/src/com/oracle/svm/hosted/util/CPUTypeRISCV64.java

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright (c) 2023, 2023, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
+ * Copyright (c) 2023, 2024, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
  * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
  *
  * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ private static CPUFeature[] getNativeOrEmpty() {
         name = cpuTypeName;
         parent = cpuTypeParentOrNull;
         specificFeatures = features.length > 0 ? EnumSet.copyOf(List.of(features)) : EnumSet.noneOf(CPUFeature.class);
-        assert parent == null || parent.getFeatures().stream().noneMatch(f -> specificFeatures.contains(f)) : "duplicate features detected but not allowed";
+        assert parent == null || parent.getFeatures().stream().noneMatch(specificFeatures::contains) : "duplicate features detected but not allowed";
     }
 
     @Override
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ public CPUTypeRISCV64 getParent() {
 
     @Override
     public String getSpecificFeaturesString() {
-        return specificFeatures.stream().map(f -> f.name()).collect(Collectors.joining(" + "));
+        return specificFeatures.stream().map(Enum::name).collect(Collectors.joining(" + "));
     }
 
     public EnumSet<CPUFeature> getFeatures() {
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public static EnumSet<CPUFeature> getCPUFeaturesForArch(String marchValue) {
             throw UserError.abort("Unsupported architecture '%s'. Please adjust '%s'. On RISCV64, only %s are available.",
                             marchValue,
                             SubstrateOptionsParser.commandArgument(NativeImageOptions.MicroArchitecture, marchValue),
-                            StringUtil.joinSingleQuoted(values()));
+                            StringUtil.joinSingleQuoted(CPUType.toNames(values())));
         }
         return value.getFeatures();
     }