librustc: Implement lifetime elision.

This implements RFC 39. Omitted lifetimes in return values will now be
inferred to more useful defaults, and an error is reported if a lifetime
in a return type is omitted and one of the two lifetime elision rules
does not specify what it should be.

This primarily breaks two uncommon code patterns. The first is this:

    unsafe fn get_foo_out_of_thin_air() -> &Foo {
        ...
    }

This should be changed to:

    unsafe fn get_foo_out_of_thin_air() -> &'static Foo {
        ...
    }

The second pattern that needs to be changed is this:

    enum MaybeBorrowed<'a> {
        Borrowed(&'a str),
        Owned(String),
    }

    fn foo() -> MaybeBorrowed {
        Owned(format!("hello world"))
    }

Change code like this to:

    enum MaybeBorrowed<'a> {
        Borrowed(&'a str),
        Owned(String),
    }

    fn foo() -> MaybeBorrowed<'static> {
        Owned(format!("hello world"))
    }

Closes rust-lang#15552.

[breaking-change]

src/libcollections/dlist.rs

@@ -87,12 +87,14 @@ impl<T> Rawlink<T> {
     }
 
     /// Convert the `Rawlink` into an Option value
-    fn resolve_immut(&self) -> Option<&T> {
-        unsafe { self.p.to_option() }
+    fn resolve_immut<'a>(&self) -> Option<&'a T> {
+        unsafe {
+            mem::transmute(self.p.to_option())
+        }
     }
 
     /// Convert the `Rawlink` into an Option value
-    fn resolve(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T> {
+    fn resolve<'a>(&mut self) -> Option<&'a mut T> {
         if self.p.is_null() {
             None
         } else {

src/libgraphviz/lib.rs

@@ -455,12 +455,12 @@ impl<'a> LabelText<'a> {
     }
 
     /// Puts `prefix` on a line above this label, with a blank line separator.
-    pub fn prefix_line(self, prefix: LabelText) -> LabelText {
+    pub fn prefix_line(self, prefix: LabelText) -> LabelText<'static> {
         prefix.suffix_line(self)
     }
 
     /// Puts `suffix` on a line below this label, with a blank line separator.
-    pub fn suffix_line(self, suffix: LabelText) -> LabelText {
+    pub fn suffix_line(self, suffix: LabelText) -> LabelText<'static> {
         let prefix = self.pre_escaped_content().into_string();
         let suffix = suffix.pre_escaped_content();
         EscStr(str::Owned(prefix.append(r"\n\n").append(suffix.as_slice())))

src/libgraphviz/maybe_owned_vec.rs

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ impl<'b,T> slice::Vector<T> for MaybeOwnedVector<'b,T> {
 }
 
 impl<'a,T> FromIterator<T> for MaybeOwnedVector<'a,T> {
-    fn from_iter<I:Iterator<T>>(iterator: I) -> MaybeOwnedVector<T> {
+    fn from_iter<I:Iterator<T>>(iterator: I) -> MaybeOwnedVector<'a,T> {
         // If we are building from scratch, might as well build the
         // most flexible variant.
         Growable(FromIterator::from_iter(iterator))

src/libgreen/sched.rs

@@ -959,13 +959,13 @@ impl CleanupJob {
 type UnsafeTaskReceiver = raw::Closure;
 trait ClosureConverter {
     fn from_fn(|&mut Scheduler, Box<GreenTask>|) -> Self;
-    fn to_fn(self) -> |&mut Scheduler, Box<GreenTask>|;
+    fn to_fn(self) -> |&mut Scheduler, Box<GreenTask>|:'static ;
 }
 impl ClosureConverter for UnsafeTaskReceiver {
     fn from_fn(f: |&mut Scheduler, Box<GreenTask>|) -> UnsafeTaskReceiver {
         unsafe { mem::transmute(f) }
     }
-    fn to_fn(self) -> |&mut Scheduler, Box<GreenTask>| {
+    fn to_fn(self) -> |&mut Scheduler, Box<GreenTask>|:'static {
         unsafe { mem::transmute(self) }
     }
 }

src/librustc/middle/trans/basic_block.rs

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ impl BasicBlock {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn pred_iter(self) -> Preds {
+    pub fn pred_iter(self) -> Preds<'static> {
         self.as_value().user_iter()
             .filter(|user| user.is_a_terminator_inst())
             .map(|user| user.get_parent().unwrap())

src/librustc/middle/ty.rs

@@ -4872,3 +4872,55 @@ pub enum ExplicitSelfCategory {
     ByBoxExplicitSelfCategory,
 }
 
+/// Pushes all the lifetimes in the given type onto the given list. A
+/// "lifetime in a type" is a lifetime specified by a reference or a lifetime
+/// in a list of type substitutions. This does *not* traverse into nominal
+/// types, nor does it resolve fictitious types.
+pub fn accumulate_lifetimes_in_type(accumulator: &mut Vec<ty::Region>,
+                                    typ: t) {
+    walk_ty(typ, |typ| {
+        match get(typ).sty {
+            ty_rptr(region, _) => accumulator.push(region),
+            ty_enum(_, ref substs) |
+            ty_trait(box TyTrait {
+                substs: ref substs,
+                ..
+            }) |
+            ty_struct(_, ref substs) => {
+                match substs.regions {
+                    subst::ErasedRegions => {}
+                    subst::NonerasedRegions(ref regions) => {
+                        for region in regions.iter() {
+                            accumulator.push(*region)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ty_closure(ref closure_ty) => {
+                match closure_ty.store {
+                    RegionTraitStore(region, _) => accumulator.push(region),
+                    UniqTraitStore => {}
+                }
+            }
+            ty_nil |
+            ty_bot |
+            ty_bool |
+            ty_char |
+            ty_int(_) |
+            ty_uint(_) |
+            ty_float(_) |
+            ty_box(_) |
+            ty_uniq(_) |
+            ty_str |
+            ty_vec(_, _) |
+            ty_ptr(_) |
+            ty_bare_fn(_) |
+            ty_tup(_) |
+            ty_param(_) |
+            ty_infer(_) |
+            ty_unboxed_closure(_) |
+            ty_err => {}
+        }
+    })
+}
+

src/librustc/middle/typeck/astconv.rs

@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ use middle::lang_items::FnMutTraitLangItem;
 use middle::subst::{FnSpace, TypeSpace, SelfSpace, Subst, Substs};
 use middle::ty;
 use middle::ty_fold::TypeFolder;
+use middle::typeck::rscope::{ExplicitRscope, ImpliedSingleRscope};
 use middle::typeck::rscope::RegionScope;
 use middle::typeck::{TypeAndSubsts, infer, lookup_def_tcx, rscope};
 use middle::typeck;
@@ -931,31 +932,45 @@ fn ty_of_method_or_bare_fn<AC:AstConv>(
                                Option<ty::ExplicitSelfCategory>) {
     debug!("ty_of_method_or_bare_fn");
 
-    // new region names that appear inside of the fn decl are bound to
-    // that function type
+    // New region names that appear inside of the arguments of the function
+    // declaration are bound to that function type.
     let rb = rscope::BindingRscope::new(id);
 
+    // `implied_output_region` is the region that will be assumed for any
+    // region parameters in the return type. In accordance with the rules for
+    // lifetime elision, we can determine it in two ways. First (determined
+    // here), if self is by-reference, then the implied output region is the
+    // region of the self parameter.
     let mut explicit_self_category_result = None;
-    let self_ty = opt_self_info.and_then(|self_info| {
-        // Figure out and record the explicit self category.
-        let explicit_self_category =
-            determine_explicit_self_category(this, &rb, &self_info);
-        explicit_self_category_result = Some(explicit_self_category);
-        match explicit_self_category {
-            ty::StaticExplicitSelfCategory => None,
-            ty::ByValueExplicitSelfCategory => {
-                Some(self_info.untransformed_self_ty)
-            }
-            ty::ByReferenceExplicitSelfCategory(region, mutability) => {
-                Some(ty::mk_rptr(this.tcx(), region,
-                                 ty::mt {ty: self_info.untransformed_self_ty,
-                                         mutbl: mutability}))
-            }
-            ty::ByBoxExplicitSelfCategory => {
-                Some(ty::mk_uniq(this.tcx(), self_info.untransformed_self_ty))
+    let (self_ty, mut implied_output_region) = match opt_self_info {
+        None => (None, None),
+        Some(self_info) => {
+            // Figure out and record the explicit self category.
+            let explicit_self_category =
+                determine_explicit_self_category(this, &rb, &self_info);
+            explicit_self_category_result = Some(explicit_self_category);
+            match explicit_self_category {
+                ty::StaticExplicitSelfCategory => (None, None),
+                ty::ByValueExplicitSelfCategory => {
+                    (Some(self_info.untransformed_self_ty), None)
+                }
+                ty::ByReferenceExplicitSelfCategory(region, mutability) => {
+                    (Some(ty::mk_rptr(this.tcx(),
+                                      region,
+                                      ty::mt {
+                                        ty: self_info.untransformed_self_ty,
+                                        mutbl: mutability
+                                      })),
+                     Some(region))
+                }
+                ty::ByBoxExplicitSelfCategory => {
+                    (Some(ty::mk_uniq(this.tcx(),
+                                      self_info.untransformed_self_ty)),
+                     None)
+                }
             }
         }
-    });
+    };
 
     // HACK(eddyb) replace the fake self type in the AST with the actual type.
     let input_tys = if self_ty.is_some() {
@@ -964,12 +979,47 @@ fn ty_of_method_or_bare_fn<AC:AstConv>(
         decl.inputs.as_slice()
     };
     let input_tys = input_tys.iter().map(|a| ty_of_arg(this, &rb, a, None));
+    let self_and_input_tys: Vec<_> =
+        self_ty.move_iter().chain(input_tys).collect();
+
+    // Second, if there was exactly one lifetime (either a substitution or a
+    // reference) in the arguments, then any anonymous regions in the output
+    // have that lifetime.
+    if implied_output_region.is_none() {
+        let mut self_and_input_tys_iter = self_and_input_tys.iter();
+        if self_ty.is_some() {
+            // Skip the first argument if `self` is present.
+            drop(self_and_input_tys_iter.next())
+        }
 
-    let self_and_input_tys = self_ty.move_iter().chain(input_tys).collect();
+        let mut accumulator = Vec::new();
+        for input_type in self_and_input_tys_iter {
+            ty::accumulate_lifetimes_in_type(&mut accumulator, *input_type)
+        }
+        if accumulator.len() == 1 {
+            implied_output_region = Some(*accumulator.get(0));
+        }
+    }
 
     let output_ty = match decl.output.node {
         ast::TyInfer => this.ty_infer(decl.output.span),
-        _ => ast_ty_to_ty(this, &rb, &*decl.output)
+        _ => {
+            match implied_output_region {
+                Some(implied_output_region) => {
+                    let rb = ImpliedSingleRscope {
+                        region: implied_output_region,
+                    };
+                    ast_ty_to_ty(this, &rb, &*decl.output)
+                }
+                None => {
+                    // All regions must be explicitly specified in the output
+                    // if the lifetime elision rules do not apply. This saves
+                    // the user from potentially-confusing errors.
+                    let rb = ExplicitRscope;
+                    ast_ty_to_ty(this, &rb, &*decl.output)
+                }
+            }
+        }
     };
 
     (ty::BareFnTy {

src/librustc/middle/typeck/rscope.rs

@@ -64,10 +64,24 @@ impl RegionScope for BindingRscope {
     fn anon_regions(&self,
                     _: Span,
                     count: uint)
-                    -> Result<Vec<ty::Region> , ()> {
+                    -> Result<Vec<ty::Region>, ()> {
         let idx = self.anon_bindings.get();
         self.anon_bindings.set(idx + count);
         Ok(Vec::from_fn(count, |i| ty::ReLateBound(self.binder_id,
                                                    ty::BrAnon(idx + i))))
     }
 }
+
+/// A scope in which we generate one specific region. This occurs after the
+/// `->` (i.e. in the return type) of function signatures.
+pub struct ImpliedSingleRscope {
+    pub region: ty::Region,
+}
+
+impl RegionScope for ImpliedSingleRscope {
+    fn anon_regions(&self, _: Span, count: uint)
+                    -> Result<Vec<ty::Region>,()> {
+        Ok(Vec::from_elem(count, self.region.clone()))
+    }
+}
+

src/librustrt/local_data.rs

@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ pub type Map = Vec<Option<(*const u8, TLSValue, uint)>>;
 type TLSValue = Box<LocalData + Send>;
 
 // Gets the map from the runtime. Lazily initialises if not done so already.
-unsafe fn get_local_map() -> Option<&mut Map> {
+unsafe fn get_local_map<'a>() -> Option<&'a mut Map> {
     if !Local::exists(None::<Task>) { return None }
 
     let task: *mut Task = Local::unsafe_borrow();

src/librustrt/rtio.rs

@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ impl<'a> Drop for LocalIo<'a> {
 impl<'a> LocalIo<'a> {
     /// Returns the local I/O: either the local scheduler's I/O services or
     /// the native I/O services.
-    pub fn borrow() -> Option<LocalIo> {
+    pub fn borrow() -> Option<LocalIo<'a>> {
         // FIXME(#11053): bad
         //
         // This is currently very unsafely implemented. We don't actually

src/librustuv/file.rs

@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ mod test {
     use super::super::Loop;
     use super::super::local_loop;
 
-    fn l() -> &mut Loop { &mut local_loop().loop_ }
+    fn l() -> &'static mut Loop { &mut local_loop().loop_ }
 
     #[test]
     fn file_test_full_simple_sync() {

src/test/auxiliary/overloaded_autoderef_xc.rs

@@ -15,17 +15,17 @@ struct DerefWithHelper<H, T> {
 }
 
 trait Helper<T> {
-    fn helper_borrow<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a T;
+    fn helper_borrow(&self) -> &T;
 }
 
 impl<T> Helper<T> for Option<T> {
-    fn helper_borrow<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a T {
+    fn helper_borrow(&self) -> &T {
         self.as_ref().unwrap()
     }
 }
 
 impl<T, H: Helper<T>> Deref<T> for DerefWithHelper<H, T> {
-    fn deref<'a>(&'a self) -> &'a T {
+    fn deref(&self) -> &T {
         self.helper.helper_borrow()
     }
 }

src/test/bench/shootout-k-nucleotide.rs

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ impl Table {
         }
     }
 
-    fn iter<'a>(&'a self) -> Items<'a> {
+    fn iter(&self) -> Items {
         Items { cur: None, items: self.items.iter() }
     }
 }

src/test/compile-fail/borrowck-borrow-from-temporary.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 struct Foo(int);
 
-fn foo() -> &int {
+fn foo<'a>() -> &'a int {
     let &Foo(ref x) = &Foo(3); //~ ERROR borrowed value does not live long enough
     x
 }

src/test/compile-fail/borrowck-borrow-mut-object-twice.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 // other `&mut` pointers.
 
 trait Foo {
-    fn f1<'a>(&'a mut self) -> &'a ();
+    fn f1(&mut self) -> &();
     fn f2(&mut self);
 }