ddl: Enable modify column on partitioned table

[mjonss]

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #38297 ref #39915

Similar to #39922

Problem Summary:
There were an issue (#39915) with modify column on partitioned tables, which caused a revert. This will add that code back and include a fix (reset the PhysicaTablelD).

What is changed and how it works?

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No code

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

None

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[ti-chi-bot]

@mjonss: PR needs rebase.

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[ti-chi-bot]

@mjonss: The following tests failed, say /retest to rerun all failed tests or /retest-required to rerun all mandatory failed tests:

Test name	Commit	Details	Required	Rerun command
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/mysql-test	a5b941e	link	true	/test mysql-test
pull-integration-ddl-test	a5b941e	link	true	/test pull-integration-ddl-test
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/check_dev_2	a5b941e	link	true	/test check-dev2
pull-mysql-client-test	a5b941e	link	true	/test pull-mysql-client-test
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/check_dev	a5b941e	link	true	/test check-dev
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/build	a5b941e	link	true	/test build
idc-jenkins-ci-tidb/unit-test	a5b941e	link	true	/test unit-test
pull-br-integration-test	a5b941e	link	true	/test pull-br-integration-test
pull-lightning-integration-test	a5b941e	link	true	/test pull-lightning-integration-test

Full PR test history. Your PR dashboard.

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