MINOR: [CI][C++] Make ASan job faster

ASAN + UBSAN massively increase the generated code size.

The default compile cache size (1 GB) wasn't sufficient to hold all generated outputs,
therefore the cache hit rate would be close to 0% (a cached object would be evicted
before the first time it could be requested again).

Also, save 5GB in the build directory by disabling static libraries.

docker-compose.yml

@@ -586,6 +586,8 @@ services:
       <<: *ccache
       CC: clang-${CLANG_TOOLS}
       CXX: clang++-${CLANG_TOOLS}
+      # Avoid creating huge static libraries
+      ARROW_BUILD_STATIC: "OFF"
       ARROW_ENABLE_TIMING_TESTS:  # inherit
       # GH-33920: Disable Flight SQL to reduce build time.
       # We'll be able to re-enable this with Ubuntu 24.04 because
@@ -598,6 +600,8 @@ services:
       ARROW_S3: "OFF"
       ARROW_USE_ASAN: "ON"
       ARROW_USE_UBSAN: "ON"
+      # 1 GB isn't enough for a single sanitizer build
+      CCACHE_MAXSIZE: 2G
       Protobuf_SOURCE: "AUTO"
     command: *cpp-command