WIP: write data when subcycling is used (outdated)

[BenjaminRodenberg]

Main changes of this PR

Allows to write data to preCICE when subcycling is used. This either results in a piecewise constant or linear interpolation. Possibly also in higher-order interpolation.

Motivation and additional information

See #1171

This is a rebased version of #1414, based on #1520.

Author's checklist

• merge Simplify waveform class: Don't use data from old window, allow higher-order interpolation through BSplines  #1422
• merge Support waveform interpolation in read for multi-coupling #1445
• merge Remove incorrect warning for waveform order zero and serial coupling schemes #1455
• merge Increase timeouts #1456 ? (or directly do this here?)
• what to do with Remove Multi- and BiCouplingScheme #1432 (Continue working on Remove BiCouplingScheme, merge MultiCouplingScheme and ParallelCouplingScheme BenjaminRodenberg/precice#13 until then)
• merge Add more parallel coupling scheme unit tests and QN integration tests #1507
• merge Use time::Storage for sending and receiving data #1504
• merge Perform extrapolation inside Storage #1520
• Directly perform extrapolation in time::Storage, only allow CouplingScheme to moveToNextWindow #1639
• merge Remove second order extrapolation. #1503
• merge Use APPEND in public header property #1555
• merge Fix multi coupling configs that use non-central controller #1545
• merge Optional stacktrace generation with libbacktrace #1538
• merge Fix incorrect read data in watch integral test #1526 or delete test + feature
• Add tests for MultiCoupling: A write mapping should work in the context of multi coupling, even, if the sent meshes in time do not agree. For making a read mapping in this situation work as well, we need to be able to refer to received times etc. in an individual fashion (currently a coupling scheme only gives access to the received times globally).
• Add test for Direct Mesh Access + Waveform relaxation (done: Add integration tests for direct mesh access #1584)
• Add test for Participant First method + Waveform relaxation (partially done: 3e82443, rest Allow subcycling for first solver when using method="first-participant" #1570)
• I added a changelog file with make changelog if there are user-observable changes since the last release.
• I added a test to cover the proposed changes in our test suite.
• I ran make format to ensure everything is formatted correctly.
• I sticked to C++14 features.
• I sticked to CMake version 3.16.3.
• I squashed / am about to squash all commits that should be seen as one.

Reviewers' checklist

• Does the changelog entry make sense? Is it formatted correctly?
• Do you understand the code changes?

[BenjaminRodenberg]

All tests are working now. The main restrictions is that actions (and corresponding tests) have been removed in 91d76c6. I think the implementation of actions needs a proper redesign. We should redesign the actions independent from this PR (e.g. in #1504).

Additionally, there is a ton of unmerged PRs that this PR depends on (see PR description). But: The main feature of this PR is working and it is synchronized with the current state of develop (ec46919).

[BenjaminRodenberg]

This PR is replaced by an updated version (#1671).