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CHANGELOG
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*SVN*
* MySQL: introduce :encoding option to specify the character set for client, connection, and results. Only available for MySQL 4.1 and later with the mysql-ruby driver. Do SHOW CHARACTER SET in mysql client to see available encodings. #2975 [Shugo Maeda]
* Add tasks to create, drop and rebuild the MySQL and PostgreSQL test databases. [Marcel Molina Jr.]
* Correct boolean handling in generated reader methods. #2945 [don.park@gmail.com, Stefan Kaes]
* Don't generate read methods for columns whose names are not valid ruby method names. #2946 [Stefan Kaes]
* Document :force option to create_table. #2921 [Blair Zajac <blair@orcaware.com>]
* Don't add the same conditions twice in has_one finder sql. #2916 [Jeremy Evans]
* Rename Version constant to VERSION. #2802 [Marcel Molina Jr.]
* Introducing the Firebird adapter. Quote columns and use attribute_condition more consistently. Setup guide: http://wiki.rubyonrails.com/rails/pages/Firebird+Adapter #1874 [Ken Kunz <kennethkunz@gmail.com>]
* SQLServer: active? and reconnect! methods for handling stale connections. #428 [kajism@yahoo.com, Tom Ward <tom@popdog.net>]
* Associations handle case-equality more consistently: item.parts.is_a?(Array) and item.parts === Array. #1345 [MarkusQ@reality.com]
* SQLServer: insert uses given primary key value if not nil rather than SELECT @@IDENTITY. #2866 [kajism@yahoo.com, Tom Ward <tom@popdog.net>]
* Oracle: active? and reconnect! methods for handling stale connections. Optionally retry queries after reconnect. #428 [Michael Schoen <schoenm@earthlink.net>]
* Correct documentation for Base.delete_all. #1568 [Newhydra]
* Oracle: test case for column default parsing. #2788 [Michael Schoen <schoenm@earthlink.net>]
* Update documentation for Migrations. #2861 [Tom Werner <tom@cube6media.com>]
* When AbstractAdapter#log rescues an exception, attempt to detect and reconnect to an inactive database connection. Connection adapter must respond to the active? and reconnect! instance methods. Initial support for PostgreSQL, MySQL, and SQLite. Make certain that all statements which may need reconnection are performed within a logged block: for example, this means no avoiding log(sql, name) { } if @logger.nil? #428 [Jeremy Kemper]
* Oracle: Much faster column reflection. #2848 [Michael Schoen <schoenm@earthlink.net>]
* Base.reset_sequence_name analogous to reset_table_name (mostly useful for testing). Base.define_attr_method allows nil values. [Jeremy Kemper]
* PostgreSQL: smarter sequence name defaults, stricter last_insert_id, warn on pk without sequence. [Jeremy Kemper]
* PostgreSQL: correctly discover custom primary key sequences. #2594 [Blair Zajac <blair@orcaware.com>, meadow.nnick@gmail.com, Jeremy Kemper]
* SQLServer: don't report limits for unsupported field types. #2835 [Ryan Tomayko]
* Include the Enumerable module in ActiveRecord::Errors. [Rick Bradley <rick@rickbradley.com>]
* Add :group option, correspond to GROUP BY, to the find method and to the has_many association. #2818 [rubyonrails@atyp.de]
* Don't cast nil or empty strings to a dummy date. #2789 [Rick Bradley <rick@rickbradley.com>]
* acts_as_list plays nicely with inheritance by remembering the class which declared it. #2811 [rephorm@rephorm.com]
* Fix sqlite adaptor's detection of missing dbfile or database declaration. [Nicholas Seckar]
* Fixed acts_as_list for definitions without an explicit :order #2803 [jonathan@bluewire.net.nz]
* Upgrade bundled ruby-mysql 0.2.4 with mysql411 shim (see #440) to ruby-mysql 0.2.6 with a patchset for 4.1 protocol support. Local change [301] is now a part of the main driver; reapplied local change [2182]. Removed GC.start from Result.free. [tommy@tmtm.org, akuroda@gmail.com, Doug Fales <doug.fales@gmail.com>, Jeremy Kemper]
* Correct handling of complex order clauses with SQL Server limit emulation. #2770 [Tom Ward <tom@popdog.net>, Matt B.]
* Correct whitespace problem in Oracle default column value parsing. #2788 [rick@rickbradley.com]
* Destroy associated has_and_belongs_to_many records after all before_destroy callbacks but before destroy. This allows you to act on the habtm association as you please while preserving referential integrity. #2065 [larrywilliams1@gmail.com, sam.kirchmeier@gmail.com, elliot@townx.org, Jeremy Kemper]
* Deprecate the old, confusing :exclusively_dependent option in favor of :dependent => :delete_all. [Jeremy Kemper]
* More compatible Oracle column reflection. #2771 [Ryan Davis <ryand-ruby@zenspider.com>, Michael Schoen <schoenm@earthlink.net>]
*1.13.0* (November 7th, 2005)
* Fixed faulty regex in get_table_name method (SQLServerAdapter) #2639 [Ryan Tomayko]
* Added :include as an option for association declarations [DHH]. Example:
has_many :posts, :include => [ :author, :comments ]
* Rename Base.constrain to Base.with_scope so it doesn't conflict with existing concept of database constraints. Make scoping more robust: uniform method => parameters, validated method names and supported finder parameters, raise exception on nested scopes. [Jeremy Kemper] Example:
Comment.with_scope(:find => { :conditions => 'active=true' }, :create => { :post_id => 5 }) do
# Find where name = ? and active=true
Comment.find :all, :conditions => ['name = ?', name]
# Create comment associated with :post_id
Comment.create :body => "Hello world"
end
* Fixed that SQL Server should ignore :size declarations on anything but integer and string in the agnostic schema representation #2756 [Ryan Tomayko]
* Added constrain scoping for creates using a hash of attributes bound to the :creation key [DHH]. Example:
Comment.constrain(:creation => { :post_id => 5 }) do
# Associated with :post_id
Comment.create :body => "Hello world"
end
This is rarely used directly, but allows for find_or_create on associations. So you can do:
# If the tag doesn't exist, a new one is created that's associated with the person
person.tags.find_or_create_by_name("Summer")
* Added find_or_create_by_X as a second type of dynamic finder that'll create the record if it doesn't already exist [DHH]. Example:
# No 'Summer' tag exists
Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.create(:name => "Summer")
# Now the 'Summer' tag does exist
Tag.find_or_create_by_name("Summer") # equal to Tag.find_by_name("Summer")
* Added extension capabilities to has_many and has_and_belongs_to_many proxies [DHH]. Example:
class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :people do
def find_or_create_by_name(name)
first_name, *last_name = name.split
last_name = last_name.join " "
find_or_create_by_first_name_and_last_name(first_name, last_name)
end
end
end
person = Account.find(:first).people.find_or_create_by_name("David Heinemeier Hansson")
person.first_name # => "David"
person.last_name # => "Heinemeier Hansson"
Note that the anoymous module must be declared using brackets, not do/end (due to order of evaluation).
* Omit internal dtproperties table from SQLServer table list. #2729 [rtomayko@gmail.com]
* Quote column names in generated SQL. #2728 [rtomayko@gmail.com]
* Correct the pure-Ruby MySQL 4.1.1 shim's version test. #2718 [Jeremy Kemper]
* Add Model.create! to match existing model.save! method. When save! raises RecordInvalid, you can catch the exception, retrieve the invalid record (invalid_exception.record), and see its errors (invalid_exception.record.errors). [Jeremy Kemper]
* Correct fixture behavior when table name pluralization is off. #2719 [Rick Bradley <rick@rickbradley.com>]
* Changed :dbfile to :database for SQLite adapter for consistency (old key still works as an alias) #2644 [Dan Peterson]
* Added migration support for Oracle #2647 [Michael Schoen]
* Worked around that connection can't be reset if allow_concurrency is off. #2648 [Michael Schoen <schoenm@earthlink.net>]
* Fixed SQL Server adapter to pass even more tests and do even better #2634 [rtomayko@gmail.com]
* Fixed SQL Server adapter so it honors options[:conditions] when applying :limits #1978 [Tom Ward]
* Added migration support to SQL Server adapter (please someone do the same for Oracle and DB2) #2625 [Tom Ward]
* Use AR::Base.silence rather than AR::Base.logger.silence in fixtures to preserve Log4r compatibility. #2618 [dansketcher@gmail.com]
* Constraints are cloned so they can't be inadvertently modified while they're
in effect. Added :readonly finder constraint. Calling an association collection's class method (Part.foobar via item.parts.foobar) constrains :readonly => false since the collection's :joins constraint would otherwise force it to true. [Jeremy Kemper <rails@bitsweat.net>]
* Added :offset and :limit to the kinds of options that Base.constrain can use #2466 [duane.johnson@gmail.com]
* Fixed handling of nil number columns on Oracle and cleaned up tests for Oracle in general #2555 [schoenm@earthlink.net]
* Added quoted_true and quoted_false methods and tables to db2_adapter and cleaned up tests for DB2 #2493, #2624 [maik schmidt]
*1.12.2* (October 26th, 2005)
* Allow symbols to rename columns when using SQLite adapter. #2531 [kevin.clark@gmail.com]
* Map Active Record time to SQL TIME. #2575, #2576 [Robby Russell <robby@planetargon.com>]
* Clarify semantics of ActiveRecord::Base#respond_to? #2560 [skaes@web.de]
* Fixed Association#clear for associations which have not yet been accessed. #2524 [Patrick Lenz <patrick@lenz.sh>]
* HABTM finders shouldn't return readonly records. #2525 [Patrick Lenz <patrick@lenz.sh>]
* Make all tests runnable on their own. #2521. [Blair Zajac <blair@orcaware.com>]
*1.12.1* (October 19th, 2005)
* Always parenthesize :conditions options so they may be safely combined with STI and constraints.
* Correct PostgreSQL primary key sequence detection. #2507 [tmornini@infomania.com]
* Added support for using limits in eager loads that involve has_many and has_and_belongs_to_many associations
*1.12.0* (October 16th, 2005)
* Update/clean up documentation (rdoc)
* PostgreSQL sequence support. Use set_sequence_name in your model class to specify its primary key sequence. #2292 [Rick Olson <technoweenie@gmail.com>, Robby Russell <robby@planetargon.com>]
* Change default logging colors to work on both white and black backgrounds. [Sam Stephenson]
* YAML fixtures support ordered hashes for fixtures with foreign key dependencies in the same table. #1896 [purestorm@ggnore.net]
* :dependent now accepts :nullify option. Sets the foreign key of the related objects to NULL instead of deleting them. #2015 [Robby Russell <robby@planetargon.com>]
* Introduce read-only records. If you call object.readonly! then it will mark the object as read-only and raise ReadOnlyRecord if you call object.save. object.readonly? reports whether the object is read-only. Passing :readonly => true to any finder method will mark returned records as read-only. The :joins option now implies :readonly, so if you use this option, saving the same record will now fail. Use find_by_sql to work around.
* Avoid memleak in dev mode when using fcgi
* Simplified .clear on active record associations by using the existing delete_records method. #1906 [Caleb <me@cpb.ca>]
* Delegate access to a customized primary key to the conventional id method. #2444. [Blair Zajac <blair@orcaware.com>]
* Fix errors caused by assigning a has-one or belongs-to property to itself
* Add ActiveRecord::Base.schema_format setting which specifies how databases should be dumped [Sam Stephenson]
* Update DB2 adapter. #2206. [contact@maik-schmidt.de]
* Corrections to SQLServer native data types. #2267. [rails.20.clarry@spamgourmet.com]
* Deprecated ActiveRecord::Base.threaded_connection in favor of ActiveRecord::Base.allow_concurrency.
* Protect id attribute from mass assigment even when the primary key is set to something else. #2438. [Blair Zajac <blair@orcaware.com>]
* Misc doc fixes (typos/grammar/etc.). #2430. [coffee2code]
* Add test coverage for content_columns. #2432. [coffee2code]
* Speed up for unthreaded environments. #2431. [skaes@web.de]
* Optimization for Mysql selects using mysql-ruby extension greater than 2.6.3. #2426. [skaes@web.de]
* Speed up the setting of table_name. #2428. [skaes@web.de]
* Optimize instantiation of STI subclass records. In partial fullfilment of #1236. [skaes@web.de]
* Fix typo of 'constrains' to 'contraints'. #2069. [Michael Schuerig <michael@schuerig.de>]
* Optimization refactoring for add_limit_offset!. In partial fullfilment of #1236. [skaes@web.de]
* Add ability to get all siblings, including the current child, with acts_as_tree. Recloses #2140. [Michael Schuerig <michael@schuerig.de>]
* Add geometric type for postgresql adapter. #2233 [akaspick@gmail.com]
* Add option (true by default) to generate reader methods for each attribute of a record to avoid the overhead of calling method missing. In partial fullfilment of #1236. [skaes@web.de]
* Add convenience predicate methods on Column class. In partial fullfilment of #1236. [skaes@web.de]
* Raise errors when invalid hash keys are passed to ActiveRecord::Base.find. #2363 [Chad Fowler <chad@chadfowler.com>, Nicholas Seckar]
* Added :force option to create_table that'll try to drop the table if it already exists before creating
* Fix transactions so that calling return while inside a transaction will not leave an open transaction on the connection. [Nicholas Seckar]
* Use foreign_key inflection uniformly. #2156 [Blair Zajac <blair@orcaware.com>]
* model.association.clear should destroy associated objects if :dependent => true instead of nullifying their foreign keys. #2221 [joergd@pobox.com, ObieFernandez <obiefernandez@gmail.com>]
* Returning false from before_destroy should cancel the action. #1829 [Jeremy Huffman]
* Recognize PostgreSQL NOW() default as equivalent to CURRENT_TIMESTAMP or CURRENT_DATE, depending on the column's type. #2256 [mat <mat@absolight.fr>]
* Extensive documentation for the abstract database adapter. #2250 [François Beausoleil <fbeausoleil@ftml.net>]
* Clean up Fixtures.reset_sequences for PostgreSQL. Handle tables with no rows and models with custom primary keys. #2174, #2183 [jay@jay.fm, Blair Zajac <blair@orcaware.com>]
* Improve error message when nil is assigned to an attr which validates_size_of within a range. #2022 [Manuel Holtgrewe <purestorm@ggnore.net>]
* Make update_attribute use the same writer method that update_attributes uses.
#2237 [trevor@protocool.com]
* Make migrations honor table name prefixes and suffixes. #2298 [Jakob S, Marcel Molina]
* Correct and optimize PostgreSQL bytea escaping. #1745, #1837 [dave@cherryville.org, ken@miriamtech.com, bellis@deepthought.org]
* Fixtures should only reset a PostgreSQL sequence if it corresponds to an integer primary key named id. #1749 [chris@chrisbrinker.com]
* Standardize the interpretation of boolean columns in the Mysql and Sqlite adapters. (Use MysqlAdapter.emulate_booleans = false to disable this behavior)
* Added new symbol-driven approach to activating observers with Base#observers= [DHH]. Example:
ActiveRecord::Base.observers = :cacher, :garbage_collector
* Added AbstractAdapter#select_value and AbstractAdapter#select_values as convenience methods for selecting single values, instead of hashes, of the first column in a SELECT #2283 [solo@gatelys.com]
* Wrap :conditions in parentheses to prevent problems with OR's #1871 [Jamis Buck]
* Allow the postgresql adapter to work with the SchemaDumper. [Jamis Buck]
* Add ActiveRecord::SchemaDumper for dumping a DB schema to a pure-ruby file, making it easier to consolidate large migration lists and port database schemas between databases. [Jamis Buck]
* Fixed migrations for Windows when using more than 10 [David Naseby]
* Fixed that the create_x method from belongs_to wouldn't save the association properly #2042 [Florian Weber]
* Fixed saving a record with two unsaved belongs_to associations pointing to the same object #2023 [Tobias Luetke]
* Improved migrations' behavior when the schema_info table is empty. [Nicholas Seckar]
* Fixed that Observers didn't observe sub-classes #627 [Florian Weber]
* Fix eager loading error messages, allow :include to specify tables using strings or symbols. Closes #2222 [Marcel Molina]
* Added check for RAILS_CONNECTION_ADAPTERS on startup and only load the connection adapters specified within if its present (available in Rails through config.connection_adapters using the new config) #1958 [skae]
* Fixed various problems with has_and_belongs_to_many when using customer finder_sql #2094 [Florian Weber]
* Added better exception error when unknown column types are used with migrations #1814 [fbeausoleil@ftml.net]
* Fixed "connection lost" issue with the bundled Ruby/MySQL driver (would kill the app after 8 hours of inactivity) #2163, #428 [kajism@yahoo.com]
* Fixed comparison of Active Record objects so two new objects are not equal #2099 [deberg]
* Fixed that the SQL Server adapter would sometimes return DBI::Timestamp objects instead of Time #2127 [Tom Ward]
* Added the instance methods #root and #ancestors on acts_as_tree and fixed siblings to not include the current node #2142, #2140 [coffee2code]
* Fixed that Active Record would call SHOW FIELDS twice (or more) for the same model when the cached results were available #1947 [sd@notso.net]
* Added log_level and use_silence parameter to ActiveRecord::Base.benchmark. The first controls at what level the benchmark statement will be logged (now as debug, instead of info) and the second that can be passed false to include all logging statements during the benchmark block/
* Make sure the schema_info table is created before querying the current version #1903
* Fixtures ignore table name prefix and suffix #1987 [Jakob S]
* Add documentation for index_type argument to add_index method for migrations #2005 [blaine@odeo.com]
* Modify read_attribute to allow a symbol argument #2024 [Ken Kunz]
* Make destroy return self #1913 [sebastian.kanthak@muehlheim.de]
* Fix typo in validations documentation #1938 [court3nay]
* Make acts_as_list work for insert_at(1) #1966 [hensleyl@papermountain.org]
* Fix typo in count_by_sql documentation #1969 [Alexey Verkhovsky]
* Allow add_column and create_table to specify NOT NULL #1712 [emptysands@gmail.com]
* Fix create_table so that id column is implicitly added [Rick Olson]
* Default sequence names for Oracle changed to #{table_name}_seq, which is the most commonly used standard. In addition, a new method ActiveRecord::Base#set_sequence_name allows the developer to set the sequence name per model. This is a non-backwards-compatible change -- anyone using the old-style "rails_sequence" will need to either create new sequences, or set: ActiveRecord::Base.set_sequence_name = "rails_sequence" #1798
* OCIAdapter now properly handles synonyms, which are commonly used to separate out the schema owner from the application user #1798
* Fixed the handling of camelCase columns names in Oracle #1798
* Implemented for OCI the Rakefile tasks of :clone_structure_to_test, :db_structure_dump, and :purge_test_database, which enable Oracle folks to enjoy all the agile goodness of Rails for testing. Note that the current implementation is fairly limited -- only tables and sequences are cloned, not constraints or indexes. A full clone in Oracle generally requires some manual effort, and is version-specific. Post 9i, Oracle recommends the use of the DBMS_METADATA package, though that approach requires editing of the physical characteristics generated #1798
* Fixed the handling of multiple blob columns in Oracle if one or more of them are null #1798
* Added support for calling constrained class methods on has_many and has_and_belongs_to_many collections #1764 [Tobias Luetke]
class Comment < AR:B
def self.search(q)
find(:all, :conditions => ["body = ?", q])
end
end
class Post < AR:B
has_many :comments
end
Post.find(1).comments.search('hi') # => SELECT * from comments WHERE post_id = 1 AND body = 'hi'
NOTICE: This patch changes the underlying SQL generated by has_and_belongs_to_many queries. If your relying on that, such as
by explicitly referencing the old t and j aliases, you'll need to update your code. Of course, you _shouldn't_ be relying on
details like that no less than you should be diving in to touch private variables. But just in case you do, consider yourself
noticed :)
* Added migration support for SQLite (using temporary tables to simulate ALTER TABLE) #1771 [Sam Stephenson]
* Remove extra definition of supports_migrations? from abstract_adaptor.rb [Nicholas Seckar]
* Fix acts_as_list so that moving next-to-last item to the bottom does not result in duplicate item positions
* Fixed incompatibility in DB2 adapter with the new limit/offset approach #1718 [Maik Schmidt]
* Added :select option to find which can specify a different value than the default *, like find(:all, :select => "first_name, last_name"), if you either only want to select part of the columns or exclude columns otherwise included from a join #1338 [Stefan Kaes]
*1.11.1* (11 July, 2005)
* Added support for limit and offset with eager loading of has_one and belongs_to associations. Using the options with has_many and has_and_belongs_to_many associations will now raise an ActiveRecord::ConfigurationError #1692 [Rick Olsen]
* Fixed that assume_bottom_position (in acts_as_list) could be called on items already last in the list and they would move one position away from the list #1648 [tyler@kianta.com]
* Added ActiveRecord::Base.threaded_connections flag to turn off 1-connection per thread (required for thread safety). By default it's on, but WEBrick in Rails need it off #1685 [Sam Stephenson]
* Correct reflected table name for singular associations. #1688 [court3nay@gmail.com]
* Fixed optimistic locking with SQL Server #1660 [tom@popdog.net]
* Added ActiveRecord::Migrator.migrate that can figure out whether to go up or down based on the target version and the current
* Added better error message for "packets out of order" #1630 [courtenay]
* Fixed first run of "rake migrate" on PostgreSQL by not expecting a return value on the id #1640
*1.11.0* (6 July, 2005)
* Fixed that Yaml error message in fixtures hid the real error #1623 [Nicholas Seckar]
* Changed logging of SQL statements to use the DEBUG level instead of INFO
* Added new Migrations framework for describing schema transformations in a way that can be easily applied across multiple databases #1604 [Tobias Luetke] See documentation under ActiveRecord::Migration and the additional support in the Rails rakefile/generator.
* Added callback hooks to association collections #1549 [Florian Weber]. Example:
class Project
has_and_belongs_to_many :developers, :before_add => :evaluate_velocity
def evaluate_velocity(developer)
...
end
end
..raising an exception will cause the object not to be added (or removed, with before_remove).
* Fixed Base.content_columns call for SQL Server adapter #1450 [DeLynn Berry]
* Fixed Base#write_attribute to work with both symbols and strings #1190 [Paul Legato]
* Fixed that has_and_belongs_to_many didn't respect single table inheritance types #1081 [Florian Weber]
* Speed up ActiveRecord#method_missing for the common case (read_attribute).
* Only notify observers on after_find and after_initialize if these methods are defined on the model. #1235 [skaes@web.de]
* Fixed that single-table inheritance sub-classes couldn't be used to limit the result set with eager loading #1215 [Chris McGrath]
* Fixed validates_numericality_of to work with overrided getter-method when :allow_nil is on #1316 [raidel@onemail.at]
* Added roots, root, and siblings to the batch of methods added by acts_as_tree #1541 [michael@schuerig.de]
* Added support for limit/offset with the MS SQL Server driver so that pagination will now work #1569 [DeLynn Berry]
* Added support for ODBC connections to MS SQL Server so you can connect from a non-Windows machine #1569 [Mark Imbriaco/DeLynn Berry]
* Fixed that multiparameter posts ignored attr_protected #1532 [alec+rails@veryclever.net]
* Fixed problem with eager loading when using a has_and_belongs_to_many association using :association_foreign_key #1504 [flash@vanklinkenbergsoftware.nl]
* Fixed Base#find to honor the documentation on how :joins work and make them consistent with Base#count #1405 [pritchie@gmail.com]. What used to be:
Developer.find :all, :joins => 'developers_projects', :conditions => 'id=developer_id AND project_id=1'
...should instead be:
Developer.find(
:all,
:joins => 'LEFT JOIN developers_projects ON developers.id = developers_projects.developer_id',
:conditions => 'project_id=1'
)
* Fixed that validations didn't respecting custom setting for too_short, too_long messages #1437 [Marcel Molina]
* Fixed that clear_association_cache doesn't delete new associations on new records (so you can safely place new records in the session with Action Pack without having new associations wiped) #1494 [cluon]
* Fixed that calling Model.find([]) returns [] and doesn't throw an exception #1379
* Fixed that adding a record to a has_and_belongs_to collection would always save it -- now it only saves if its a new record #1203 [Alisdair McDiarmid]
* Fixed saving of in-memory association structures to happen as a after_create/after_update callback instead of after_save -- that way you can add new associations in after_create/after_update callbacks without getting them saved twice
* Allow any Enumerable, not just Array, to work as bind variables #1344 [Jeremy Kemper]
* Added actual database-changing behavior to collection assigment for has_many and has_and_belongs_to_many #1425 [Sebastian Kanthak].
Example:
david.projects = [Project.find(1), Project.new("name" => "ActionWebSearch")]
david.save
If david.projects already contain the project with ID 1, this is left unchanged. Any other projects are dropped. And the new
project is saved when david.save is called.
Also included is a way to do assignments through IDs, which is perfect for checkbox updating, so you get to do:
david.project_ids = [1, 5, 7]
* Corrected typo in find SQL for has_and_belongs_to_many. #1312 [ben@bensinclair.com]
* Fixed sanitized conditions for has_many finder method. #1281 [jackc@hylesanderson.com, pragdave, Tobias Luetke]
* Comprehensive PostgreSQL schema support. Use the optional schema_search_path directive in database.yml to give a comma-separated list of schemas to search for your tables. This allows you, for example, to have tables in a shared schema without having to use a custom table name. See http://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.0/interactive/ddl-schemas.html to learn more. #827 [dave@cherryville.org]
* Corrected @@configurations typo #1410 [david@ruppconsulting.com]
* Return PostgreSQL columns in the order they were declared #1374 [perlguy@gmail.com]
* Allow before/after update hooks to work on models using optimistic locking
* Eager loading of dependent has_one associations won't delete the association #1212
* Added a second parameter to the build and create method for has_one that controls whether the existing association should be replaced (which means nullifying its foreign key as well). By default this is true, but false can be passed to prevent it.
* Using transactional fixtures now causes the data to be loaded only once.
* Added fixture accessor methods that can be used when instantiated fixtures are disabled.
fixtures :web_sites
def test_something
assert_equal "Ruby on Rails", web_sites(:rubyonrails).name
end
* Added DoubleRenderError exception that'll be raised if render* is called twice #518 [Nicholas Seckar]
* Fixed exceptions occuring after render has been called #1096 [Nicholas Seckar]
* CHANGED: validates_presence_of now uses Errors#add_on_blank, which will make " " fail the validation where it didn't before #1309
* Added Errors#add_on_blank which works like Errors#add_on_empty, but uses Object#blank? instead
* Added the :if option to all validations that can either use a block or a method pointer to determine whether the validation should be run or not. #1324 [Duane Johnson/jhosteny]. Examples:
Conditional validations such as the following are made possible:
validates_numericality_of :income, :if => :employed?
Conditional validations can also solve the salted login generator problem:
validates_confirmation_of :password, :if => :new_password?
Using blocks:
validates_presence_of :username, :if => Proc.new { |user| user.signup_step > 1 }
* Fixed use of construct_finder_sql when using :join #1288 [dwlt@dwlt.net]
* Fixed that :delete_sql in has_and_belongs_to_many associations couldn't access record properties #1299 [Rick Olson]
* Fixed that clone would break when an aggregate had the same name as one of its attributes #1307 [Jeremy Kemper]
* Changed that destroying an object will only freeze the attributes hash, which keeps the object from having attributes changed (as that wouldn't make sense), but allows for the querying of associations after it has been destroyed.
* Changed the callbacks such that observers are notified before the in-object callbacks are triggered. Without this change, it wasn't possible to act on the whole object in something like a before_destroy observer without having the objects own callbacks (like deleting associations) called first.
* Added option for passing an array to the find_all version of the dynamic finders and have it evaluated as an IN fragment. Example:
# SELECT * FROM topics WHERE title IN ('First', 'Second')
Topic.find_all_by_title(["First", "Second"])
* Added compatibility with camelCase column names for dynamic finders #533 [Dee.Zsombor]
* Fixed extraneous comma in count() function that made it not work with joins #1156 [jarkko/Dee.Zsombor]
* Fixed incompatibility with Base#find with an array of ids that would fail when using eager loading #1186 [Alisdair McDiarmid]
* Fixed that validate_length_of lost :on option when :within was specified #1195 [jhosteny@mac.com]
* Added encoding and min_messages options for PostgreSQL #1205 [shugo]. Configuration example:
development:
adapter: postgresql
database: rails_development
host: localhost
username: postgres
password:
encoding: UTF8
min_messages: ERROR
* Fixed acts_as_list where deleting an item that was removed from the list would ruin the positioning of other list items #1197 [Jamis Buck]
* Added validates_exclusion_of as a negative of validates_inclusion_of
* Optimized counting of has_many associations by setting the association to empty if the count is 0 so repeated calls doesn't trigger database calls
*1.10.1* (20th April, 2005)
* Fixed frivilous database queries being triggered with eager loading on empty associations and other things
* Fixed order of loading in eager associations
* Fixed stray comma when using eager loading and ordering together from has_many associations #1143
*1.10.0* (19th April, 2005)
* Added eager loading of associations as a way to solve the N+1 problem more gracefully without piggy-back queries. Example:
for post in Post.find(:all, :limit => 100)
puts "Post: " + post.title
puts "Written by: " + post.author.name
puts "Last comment on: " + post.comments.first.created_on
end
This used to generate 301 database queries if all 100 posts had both author and comments. It can now be written as:
for post in Post.find(:all, :limit => 100, :include => [ :author, :comments ])
...and the number of database queries needed is now 1.
* Added new unified Base.find API and deprecated the use of find_first and find_all. See the documentation for Base.find. Examples:
Person.find(1, :conditions => "administrator = 1", :order => "created_on DESC")
Person.find(1, 5, 6, :conditions => "administrator = 1", :order => "created_on DESC")
Person.find(:first, :order => "created_on DESC", :offset => 5)
Person.find(:all, :conditions => [ "category IN (?)", categories], :limit => 50)
Person.find(:all, :offset => 10, :limit => 10)
* Added acts_as_nested_set #1000 [wschenk]. Introduction:
This acts provides Nested Set functionality. Nested Set is similiar to Tree, but with
the added feature that you can select the children and all of it's descendants with
a single query. A good use case for this is a threaded post system, where you want
to display every reply to a comment without multiple selects.
* Added Base.save! that attempts to save the record just like Base.save but will raise a RecordInvalid exception instead of returning false if the record is not valid [After much pestering from Dave Thomas]
* Fixed PostgreSQL usage of fixtures with regards to public schemas and table names with dots #962 [gnuman1@gmail.com]
* Fixed that fixtures were being deleted in the same order as inserts causing FK errors #890 [andrew.john.peters@gmail.com]
* Fixed loading of fixtures in to be in the right order (or PostgreSQL would bark) #1047 [stephenh@chase3000.com]
* Fixed page caching for non-vhost applications living underneath the root #1004 [Ben Schumacher]
* Fixes a problem with the SQL Adapter which was resulting in IDENTITY_INSERT not being set to ON when it should be #1104 [adelle]
* Added the option to specify the acceptance string in validates_acceptance_of #1106 [caleb@aei-tech.com]
* Added insert_at(position) to acts_as_list #1083 [DeLynnB]
* Removed the default order by id on has_and_belongs_to_many queries as it could kill performance on large sets (you can still specify by hand with :order)
* Fixed that Base.silence should restore the old logger level when done, not just set it to DEBUG #1084 [yon@milliped.com]
* Fixed boolean saving on Oracle #1093 [mparrish@pearware.org]
* Moved build_association and create_association for has_one and belongs_to out of deprecation as they work when the association is nil unlike association.build and association.create, which require the association to be already in place #864
* Added rollbacks of transactions if they're active as the dispatcher is killed gracefully (TERM signal) #1054 [Leon Bredt]
* Added quoting of column names for fixtures #997 [jcfischer@gmail.com]
* Fixed counter_sql when no records exist in database for PostgreSQL (would give error, not 0) #1039 [Caleb Tennis]
* Fixed that benchmarking times for rendering included db runtimes #987 [skaes@web.de]
* Fixed boolean queries for t/f fields in PostgreSQL #995 [dave@cherryville.org]
* Added that model.items.delete(child) will delete the child, not just set the foreign key to nil, if the child is dependent on the model #978 [Jeremy Kemper]
* Fixed auto-stamping of dates (created_on/updated_on) for PostgreSQL #985 [dave@cherryville.org]
* Fixed Base.silence/benchmark to only log if a logger has been configured #986 [skaes@web.de]
* Added a join parameter as the third argument to Base.find_first and as the second to Base.count #426, #988 [skaes@web.de]
* Fixed bug in Base#hash method that would treat records with the same string-based id as different [Dave Thomas]
* Renamed DateHelper#distance_of_time_in_words_to_now to DateHelper#time_ago_in_words (old method name is still available as a deprecated alias)
*1.9.1* (27th March, 2005)
* Fixed that Active Record objects with float attribute could not be cloned #808
* Fixed that MissingSourceFile's wasn't properly detected in production mode #925 [Nicholas Seckar]
* Fixed that :counter_cache option would look for a line_items_count column for a LineItem object instead of lineitems_count
* Fixed that AR exists?() would explode on postgresql if the passed id did not match the PK type #900 [Scott Barron]
* Fixed the MS SQL adapter to work with the new limit/offset approach and with binary data (still suffering from 7KB limit, though) #901 [delynnb]
*1.9.0* (22th March, 2005)
* Added adapter independent limit clause as a two-element array with the first being the limit, the second being the offset #795 [Sam Stephenson]. Example:
Developer.find_all nil, 'id ASC', 5 # return the first five developers
Developer.find_all nil, 'id ASC', [3, 8] # return three developers, starting from #8 and forward
This doesn't yet work with the DB2 or MS SQL adapters. Patches to make that happen are encouraged.
* Added alias_method :to_param, :id to Base, such that Active Record objects to be used as URL parameters in Action Pack automatically #812 [Nicholas Seckar/Sam Stephenson]
* Improved the performance of the OCI8 adapter for Oracle #723 [pilx/gjenkins]
* Added type conversion before saving a record, so string-based values like "10.0" aren't left for the database to convert #820 [dave@cherryville.org]
* Added with additional settings for working with transactional fixtures and pre-loaded test databases #865 [mindel]
* Fixed acts_as_list to trigger remove_from_list on destroy after the fact, not before, so a unique position can be maintained #871 [Alisdair McDiarmid]
* Added the possibility of specifying fixtures in multiple calls #816 [kim@tinker.com]
* Added Base.exists?(id) that'll return true if an object of the class with the given id exists #854 [stian@grytoyr.net]
* Added optionally allow for nil or empty strings with validates_numericality_of #801 [Sebastian Kanthak]
* Fixed problem with using slashes in validates_format_of regular expressions #801 [Sebastian Kanthak]
* Fixed that SQLite3 exceptions are caught and reported properly #823 [yerejm]
* Added that all types of after_find/after_initialized callbacks are triggered if the explicit implementation is present, not only the explicit implementation itself
* Fixed that symbols can be used on attribute assignment, like page.emails.create(:subject => data.subject, :body => data.body)
*1.8.0* (7th March, 2005)
* Added ActiveRecord::Base.colorize_logging to control whether to use colors in logs or not (on by default)
* Added support for timestamp with time zone in PostgreSQL #560 [Scott Barron]
* Added MultiparameterAssignmentErrors and AttributeAssignmentError exceptions #777 [demetrius]. Documentation:
* +MultiparameterAssignmentErrors+ -- collection of errors that occurred during a mass assignment using the
+attributes=+ method. The +errors+ property of this exception contains an array of +AttributeAssignmentError+
objects that should be inspected to determine which attributes triggered the errors.
* +AttributeAssignmentError+ -- an error occurred while doing a mass assignment through the +attributes=+ method.
You can inspect the +attribute+ property of the exception object to determine which attribute triggered the error.
* Fixed that postgresql adapter would fails when reading bytea fields with null value #771 [rodrigo k]
* Added transactional fixtures that uses rollback to undo changes to fixtures instead of DELETE/INSERT -- it's much faster. See documentation under Fixtures #760 [Jeremy Kemper]
* Added destruction of dependent objects in has_one associations when a new assignment happens #742 [mindel]. Example:
class Account < ActiveRecord::Base
has_one :credit_card, :dependent => true
end
class CreditCard < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :account
end
account.credit_card # => returns existing credit card, lets say id = 12
account.credit_card = CreditCard.create("number" => "123")
account.save # => CC with id = 12 is destroyed
* Added validates_numericality_of #716 [skanthak/c.r.mcgrath]. Docuemntation:
Validates whether the value of the specified attribute is numeric by trying to convert it to
a float with Kernel.Float (if <tt>integer</tt> is false) or applying it to the regular expression
<tt>/^[\+\-]?\d+$/</tt> (if <tt>integer</tt> is set to true).
class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
validates_numericality_of :value, :on => :create
end
Configuration options:
* <tt>message</tt> - A custom error message (default is: "is not a number")
* <tt>on</tt> Specifies when this validation is active (default is :save, other options :create, :update)
* <tt>only_integer</tt> Specifies whether the value has to be an integer, e.g. an integral value (default is false)
* Fixed that HasManyAssociation#count was using :finder_sql rather than :counter_sql if it was available #445 [Scott Barron]
* Added better defaults for composed_of, so statements like composed_of :time_zone, :mapping => %w( time_zone time_zone ) can be written without the mapping part (it's now assumed)
* Added MacroReflection#macro which will return a symbol describing the macro used (like :composed_of or :has_many) #718, #248 [james@slashetc.com]
*1.7.0* (24th February, 2005)
* Changed the auto-timestamping feature to use ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone instead of entertaining the parallel ActiveRecord::Base.timestamps_gmt method. The latter is now deprecated and will throw a warning on use (but still work) #710 [Jamis Buck]
* Added a OCI8-based Oracle adapter that has been verified to work with Oracle 8 and 9 #629 [Graham Jenkins]. Usage notes:
1. Key generation uses a sequence "rails_sequence" for all tables. (I couldn't find a simple
and safe way of passing table-specific sequence information to the adapter.)
2. Oracle uses DATE or TIMESTAMP datatypes for both dates and times. Consequently I have had to
resort to some hacks to get data converted to Date or Time in Ruby.
If the column_name ends in _at (like created_at, updated_at) it's created as a Ruby Time. Else if the
hours/minutes/seconds are 0, I make it a Ruby Date. Else it's a Ruby Time.
This is nasty - but if you use Duck Typing you'll probably not care very much.
In 9i it's tempting to map DATE to Date and TIMESTAMP to Time but I don't think that is
valid - too many databases use DATE for both.
Timezones and sub-second precision on timestamps are not supported.
3. Default values that are functions (such as "SYSDATE") are not supported. This is a
restriction of the way active record supports default values.
4. Referential integrity constraints are not fully supported. Under at least
some circumstances, active record appears to delete parent and child records out of
sequence and out of transaction scope. (Or this may just be a problem of test setup.)
The OCI8 driver can be retrieved from http://rubyforge.org/projects/ruby-oci8/
* Added option :schema_order to the PostgreSQL adapter to support the use of multiple schemas per database #697 [YuriSchimke]
* Optimized the SQL used to generate has_and_belongs_to_many queries by listing the join table first #693 [yerejm]
* Fixed that when using validation macros with a custom message, if you happened to use single quotes in the message string you would get a parsing error #657 [tonka]
* Fixed that Active Record would throw Broken Pipe errors with FCGI when the MySQL connection timed out instead of reconnecting #428 [Nicholas Seckar]
* Added options to specify an SSL connection for MySQL. Define the following attributes in the connection config (config/database.yml in Rails) to use it: sslkey, sslcert, sslca, sslcapath, sslcipher. To use SSL with no client certs, just set :sslca = '/dev/null'. http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/secure-connections.html #604 [daniel@nightrunner.com]
* Added automatic dropping/creating of test tables for running the unit tests on all databases #587 [adelle@bullet.net.au]
* Fixed that find_by_* would fail when column names had numbers #670 [demetrius]
* Fixed the SQL Server adapter on a bunch of issues #667 [DeLynn]
1. Created a new columns method that is much cleaner.
2. Corrected a problem with the select and select_all methods
that didn't account for the LIMIT clause being passed into raw SQL statements.
3. Implemented the string_to_time method in order to create proper instances of the time class.
4. Added logic to the simplified_type method that allows the database to specify the scale of float data.
5. Adjusted the quote_column_name to account for the fact that MS SQL is bothered by a forward slash in the data string.
* Fixed that the dynamic finder like find_all_by_something_boolean(false) didn't work #649 [lmarlow@yahoo.com]
* Added validates_each that validates each specified attribute against a block #610 [Jeremy Kemper]. Example:
class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
validates_each :first_name, :last_name do |record, attr|
record.errors.add attr, 'starts with z.' if attr[0] == ?z
end
end
* Added :allow_nil as an explicit option for validates_length_of, so unless that's set to true having the attribute as nil will also return an error if a range is specified as :within #610 [Jeremy Kemper]
* Added that validates_* now accept blocks to perform validations #618 [Tim Bates]. Example:
class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
validate { |person| person.errors.add("title", "will never be valid") if SHOULD_NEVER_BE_VALID }
end
* Addded validation for validate all the associated objects before declaring failure with validates_associated #618 [Tim Bates]
* Added keyword-style approach to defining the custom relational bindings #545 [Jamis Buck]. Example:
class Project < ActiveRecord::Base
primary_key "sysid"
table_name "XYZ_PROJECT"
inheritance_column { original_inheritance_column + "_id" }
end
* Fixed Base#clone for use with PostgreSQL #565 [hanson@surgery.wisc.edu]
*1.6.0* (January 25th, 2005)
* Added that has_many association build and create methods can take arrays of record data like Base#create and Base#build to build/create multiple records at once.
* Added that Base#delete and Base#destroy both can take an array of ids to delete/destroy #336
* Added the option of supplying an array of attributes to Base#create, so that multiple records can be created at once.
* Added the option of supplying an array of ids and attributes to Base#update, so that multiple records can be updated at once (inspired by #526/Duane Johnson). Example
people = { 1 => { "first_name" => "David" }, 2 => { "first_name" => "Jeremy"} }
Person.update(people.keys, people.values)
* Added ActiveRecord::Base.timestamps_gmt that can be set to true to make the automated timestamping use GMT instead of local time #520 [Scott Baron]
* Added that update_all calls sanitize_sql on its updates argument, so stuff like MyRecord.update_all(['time = ?', Time.now]) works #519 [notahat]
* Fixed that the dynamic finders didn't treat nil as a "IS NULL" but rather "= NULL" case #515 [Demetrius]
* Added bind-named arrays for interpolating a group of ids or strings in conditions #528 [Jeremy Kemper]
* Added that has_and_belongs_to_many associations with additional attributes also can be created between unsaved objects and only committed to the database when Base#save is called on the associator #524 [Eric Anderson]
* Fixed that records fetched with piggy-back attributes or through rich has_and_belongs_to_many associations couldn't be saved due to the extra attributes not part of the table #522 [Eric Anderson]
* Added mass-assignment protection for the inheritance column -- regardless of a custom column is used or not
* Fixed that association proxies would fail === tests like PremiumSubscription === @account.subscription
* Fixed that column aliases didn't work as expected with the new MySql411 driver #507 [Demetrius]
* Fixed that find_all would produce invalid sql when called sequentialy #490 [Scott Baron]
*1.5.1* (January 18th, 2005)
* Fixed that the belongs_to and has_one proxy would fail a test like 'if project.manager' -- this unfortunately also means that you can't call methods like project.manager.build unless there already is a manager on the project #492 [Tim Bates]
* Fixed that the Ruby/MySQL adapter wouldn't connect if the password was empty #503 [Pelle]
*1.5.0* (January 17th, 2005)
* Fixed that unit tests for MySQL are now run as the "rails" user instead of root #455 [Eric Hodel]
* Added validates_associated that enables validation of objects in an unsaved association #398 [Tim Bates]. Example:
class Book < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :pages
belongs_to :library
validates_associated :pages, :library
end
* Added support for associating unsaved objects #402 [Tim Bates]. Rules that govern this addition:
== Unsaved objects and associations
You can manipulate objects and associations before they are saved to the database, but there is some special behaviour you should be
aware of, mostly involving the saving of associated objects.
=== One-to-one associations
* Assigning an object to a has_one association automatically saves that object, and the object being replaced (if there is one), in
order to update their primary keys - except if the parent object is unsaved (new_record? == true).
* If either of these saves fail (due to one of the objects being invalid) the assignment statement returns false and the assignment
is cancelled.
* If you wish to assign an object to a has_one association without saving it, use the #association.build method (documented below).
* Assigning an object to a belongs_to association does not save the object, since the foreign key field belongs on the parent. It does
not save the parent either.
=== Collections
* Adding an object to a collection (has_many or has_and_belongs_to_many) automatically saves that object, except if the parent object
(the owner of the collection) is not yet stored in the database.
* If saving any of the objects being added to a collection (via #push or similar) fails, then #push returns false.
* You can add an object to a collection without automatically saving it by using the #collection.build method (documented below).
* All unsaved (new_record? == true) members of the collection are automatically saved when the parent is saved.
* Added replace to associations, so you can do project.manager.replace(new_manager) or project.milestones.replace(new_milestones) #402 [Tim Bates]
* Added build and create methods to has_one and belongs_to associations, so you can now do project.manager.build(attributes) #402 [Tim Bates]
* Added that if a before_* callback returns false, all the later callbacks and the associated action are cancelled. If an after_* callback returns false, all the later callbacks are cancelled. Callbacks are generally run in the order they are defined, with the exception of callbacks defined as methods on the model, which are called last. #402 [Tim Bates]
* Fixed that Base#== wouldn't work for multiple references to the same unsaved object #402 [Tim Bates]
* Fixed binary support for PostgreSQL #444 [alex@byzantine.no]
* Added a differenciation between AssociationCollection#size and -length. Now AssociationCollection#size returns the size of the
collection by executing a SELECT COUNT(*) query if the collection hasn't been loaded and calling collection.size if it has. If
it's more likely than not that the collection does have a size larger than zero and you need to fetch that collection afterwards,
it'll take one less SELECT query if you use length.
* Added Base#attributes that returns a hash of all the attributes with their names as keys and clones of their objects as values #433 [atyp.de]
* Fixed that foreign keys named the same as the association would cause stack overflow #437 [Eric Anderson]
* Fixed default scope of acts_as_list from "1" to "1 = 1", so it'll work in PostgreSQL (among other places) #427 [Alexey]
* Added Base#reload that reloads the attributes of an object from the database #422 [Andreas Schwarz]
* Added SQLite3 compatibility through the sqlite3-ruby adapter by Jamis Buck #381 [Jeremy Kemper]
* Added support for the new protocol spoken by MySQL 4.1.1+ servers for the Ruby/MySQL adapter that ships with Rails #440 [Matt Mower]
* Added that Observers can use the observes class method instead of overwriting self.observed_class().
Before:
class ListSweeper < ActiveRecord::Base
def self.observed_class() [ List, Item ]
end
After:
class ListSweeper < ActiveRecord::Base
observes List, Item
end
* Fixed that conditions in has_many and has_and_belongs_to_many should be interpolated just like the finder_sql is
* Fixed Base#update_attribute to be indifferent to whether a string or symbol is used to describe the name
* Added Base#toggle(attribute) and Base#toggle!(attribute) that makes it easier to flip a switch or flag.
Before: topic.update_attribute(:approved, !approved?)
After : topic.toggle!(:approved)
* Added Base#increment!(attribute) and Base#decrement!(attribute) that also saves the records. Example:
page.views # => 1
page.increment!(:views) # executes an UPDATE statement
page.views # => 2
page.increment(:views).increment!(:views)
page.views # => 4
* Added Base#increment(attribute) and Base#decrement(attribute) that encapsulates the += 1 and -= 1 patterns.
*1.4.0* (January 4th, 2005)
* Added automated optimistic locking if the field <tt>lock_version</tt> is present. Each update to the
record increments the lock_version column and the locking facilities ensure that records instantiated twice
will let the last one saved raise a StaleObjectError if the first was also updated. Example:
p1 = Person.find(1)
p2 = Person.find(1)
p1.first_name = "Michael"
p1.save
p2.first_name = "should fail"
p2.save # Raises a ActiveRecord::StaleObjectError
You're then responsible for dealing with the conflict by rescuing the exception and either rolling back, merging,
or otherwise apply the business logic needed to resolve the conflict.
#384 [Michael Koziarski]
* Added dynamic attribute-based finders as a cleaner way of getting objects by simple queries without turning to SQL.
They work by appending the name of an attribute to <tt>find_by_</tt>, so you get finders like <tt>Person.find_by_user_name,
Payment.find_by_transaction_id</tt>. So instead of writing <tt>Person.find_first(["user_name = ?", user_name])</tt>, you just do
<tt>Person.find_by_user_name(user_name)</tt>.
It's also possible to use multiple attributes in the same find by separating them with "_and_", so you get finders like
<tt>Person.find_by_user_name_and_password</tt> or even <tt>Payment.find_by_purchaser_and_state_and_country</tt>. So instead of writing
<tt>Person.find_first(["user_name = ? AND password = ?", user_name, password])</tt>, you just do
<tt>Person.find_by_user_name_and_password(user_name, password)</tt>.
While primarily a construct for easier find_firsts, it can also be used as a construct for find_all by using calls like
<tt>Payment.find_all_by_amount(50)</tt> that is turned into <tt>Payment.find_all(["amount = ?", 50])</tt>. This is something not as equally useful,
though, as it's not possible to specify the order in which the objects are returned.