Add option to configure digest algorithm used by Active Record Encryp…

…tion (#44873)

Before, it was using the configured by Rails. Having a mechanism to configure it
for Active Record encryption makes sense to prevent problems with encrypted content
when the default in Rails changes.

Additionally, there was a bug making AR encryption use the older SHA1 before
`ActiveSupport.hash_digest_class` got initialized to SHA256. This bug was exposed
by #44540. We will now set SHA256 as the standard
for 7.1+, and SHA1 for previous versions.

activerecord/lib/active_record/encryption/config.rb

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ module ActiveRecord
   module Encryption
     # Container of configuration options
     class Config
-      attr_accessor :primary_key, :deterministic_key, :store_key_references, :key_derivation_salt,
+      attr_accessor :primary_key, :deterministic_key, :store_key_references, :key_derivation_salt, :hash_digest_class,
                     :support_unencrypted_data, :encrypt_fixtures, :validate_column_size, :add_to_filter_parameters,
                     :excluded_from_filter_parameters, :extend_queries, :previous_schemes, :forced_encoding_for_deterministic_encryption
 
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ def set_defaults
           self.excluded_from_filter_parameters = []
           self.previous_schemes = []
           self.forced_encoding_for_deterministic_encryption = Encoding::UTF_8
+          self.hash_digest_class = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
 
           # TODO: Setting to false for now as the implementation is a bit experimental
           self.extend_queries = false

activerecord/lib/active_record/encryption/key_generator.rb

@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ def generate_random_hex_key(length: key_length)
       #
       # The generated key will be salted with the value of +ActiveRecord::Encryption.key_derivation_salt+
       def derive_key_from(password, length: key_length)
-        ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(password).generate_key(key_derivation_salt, length)
+        ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(password, hash_digest_class: ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.hash_digest_class)
+          .generate_key(key_derivation_salt, length)
       end
 
       private

activerecord/test/cases/encryption/helper.rb

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ class ActiveRecord::EncryptionTestCase < ActiveRecord::TestCase
   include ActiveRecord::Encryption::EncryptionHelpers, ActiveRecord::Encryption::PerformanceHelpers
 
   ENCRYPTION_PROPERTIES_TO_RESET = {
-    config: %i[ primary_key deterministic_key key_derivation_salt store_key_references
+    config: %i[ primary_key deterministic_key key_derivation_salt store_key_references hash_digest_class
       key_derivation_salt support_unencrypted_data encrypt_fixtures
       forced_encoding_for_deterministic_encryption ],
     context: %i[ key_provider ]

activerecord/test/cases/encryption/key_generator_test.rb

@@ -27,6 +27,11 @@ class ActiveRecord::Encryption::KeyGeneratorTest < ActiveRecord::EncryptionTestC
     assert_equal 10, [ @generator.generate_random_hex_key(length: 10) ].pack("H*").bytesize
   end
 
+  test "derive keys using the configured digest algorithm" do
+    assert_derive_key "some secret", digest_class: OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
+    assert_derive_key "some secret", digest_class: OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256
+  end
+
   test "derive_key derives a key with from the provided password with the cipher key length by default" do
     assert_equal @generator.derive_key_from("some password"), @generator.derive_key_from("some password")
     assert_not_equal @generator.derive_key_from("some password"), @generator.derive_key_from("some other password")
@@ -38,4 +43,13 @@ class ActiveRecord::Encryption::KeyGeneratorTest < ActiveRecord::EncryptionTestC
     assert_not_equal @generator.derive_key_from("some password", length: 12), @generator.derive_key_from("some other password", length: 12)
     assert_equal 12, @generator.derive_key_from("some password", length: 12).length
   end
+
+  private
+    def assert_derive_key(secret, digest_class: OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256, length: 20)
+      expected_derived_key = ActiveSupport::KeyGenerator.new(secret, hash_digest_class: digest_class)
+                                                        .generate_key(ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.key_derivation_salt, length)
+      assert_equal length, expected_derived_key.length
+      ActiveRecord::Encryption.config.hash_digest_class = digest_class
+      assert_equal expected_derived_key, @generator.derive_key_from(secret, length: length)
+    end
 end

guides/source/active_record_encryption.md

@@ -475,6 +475,10 @@ The salt used when deriving keys. It's preferred to configure it via the `active
 
 The default encoding for attributes encrypted deterministically. You can disable forced encoding by setting this option to `nil`. It's `Encoding::UTF_8` by default.
 
+#### `config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class`
+
+The digest algorithm used to derive keys. `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1` by default.
+
 ### Encryption Contexts
 
 An encryption context defines the encryption components that are used in a given moment. There is a default encryption context based on your global configuration, but you can configure a custom context for a given attribute or when running a specific block of code.

guides/source/configuring.md

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ Below are the default values associated with each target version. In cases of co
 - [`config.active_record.before_committed_on_all_records`](#config-active-record-before-committed-on-all-records): `true`
 - [`config.active_record.belongs_to_required_validates_foreign_key`](#config-active-record-belongs-to-required-validates-foreign-key): `false`
 - [`config.active_record.default_column_serializer`](#config-active-record-default-column-serializer): `nil`
+- [`config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class`](#config-active-record-encryption-hash-digest-class): `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256`
 - [`config.active_record.query_log_tags_format`](#config-active-record-query-log-tags-format): `:sqlcommenter`
 - [`config.active_record.raise_on_assign_to_attr_readonly`](#config-active-record-raise-on-assign-to-attr-readonly): `true`
 - [`config.active_record.run_commit_callbacks_on_first_saved_instances_in_transaction`](#config-active-record-run-commit-callbacks-on-first-saved-instances-in-transaction): `false`
@@ -1462,6 +1463,17 @@ whether a foreign key's name should be dumped to db/schema.rb or not. By
 default, foreign key names starting with `fk_rails_` are not exported to the
 database schema dump. Defaults to `/^fk_rails_[0-9a-f]{10}$/`.
 
+ #### `config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class`
+
+ Sets the digest algorithm used by Active Record Encryption.
+
+ The default value depends on the `config.load_defaults` target version:
+
+ | Starting with version | The default value is      |
+ |-----------------------|---------------------------|
+ | (original)            | `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1`   |
+ | 7.1                   | `OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256` |
+
 ### Configuring Action Controller
 
 `config.action_controller` includes a number of configuration settings:

railties/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb

@@ -314,6 +314,10 @@ def load_defaults(target_version)
           if respond_to?(:action_controller)
             action_controller.allow_deprecated_parameters_hash_equality = false
           end
+
+          if respond_to?(:active_record)
+            active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA256
+          end
         else
           raise "Unknown version #{target_version.to_s.inspect}"
         end

railties/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/new_framework_defaults_7_1.rb.tt

@@ -29,6 +29,15 @@
 # as equal to an equivalent `Hash` by default.
 # Rails.application.config.action_controller.allow_deprecated_parameters_hash_equality = false
 
+# Active Record Encryption now uses SHA-256 as its hash digest algorithm. Important: If you have
+# data encrypted with previous versions, you should not set the new default or the existing data
+# will fail to decrypt. In this case, if you load the new 7.1 defaults, you need to configure the
+# previous algorithm SHA-1:
+# Rails.application.config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class = OpenSSL::Digest::SHA1
+# Alternatively, if you don't have data encrypted previously, you can configure the new digest for
+# Active Record Encryption with:
+# Rails.application.config.active_record.encryption.hash_digest_class = OpenSSL::Digest::256
+
 # No longer run after_commit callbacks on the first of multiple Active Record
 # instances to save changes to the same database row within a transaction.
 # Instead, run these callbacks on the instance most likely to have internal