Improve interval overflow protection

[EduardoGHdez]

Sometimes, operations on Times returns just float numbers of seconds, so, we
need to handle that.
Example: Time.current - (Time.current + 1.hour) # => -3600.000001776 (Float)

When this happens, it's possible to endup with a pretty large number of seconds, making the ISO 8601 formatted duration to trigger an interval field value out range error.

PostgreSQL 15 has already improved overflow detection when casting values to interval

However, to further reduce the likelihood of such issues and ensure better-formatted duration types, it now implements the construction of ActiveSupport::Duration during the serialization step.

How to reproduce (at least in versions prior to PG 15+):

require "bundler/inline"

gemfile(true) do
  source "https://rubygems.org"

  git_source(:github) { |repo| "https://github.com/#{repo}.git" }

  gem "rails", github: "rails/rails", branch: "main"
  gem "pg"
end

require "active_record"
require "minitest/autorun"
require "logger"

ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
  adapter: 'postgresql',
  database: 'postgres',
  username: 'postgres',
  host: 'localhost'
)

ActiveRecord::Base.logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)

ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
  create_table :projects, force: true do |t|
    t.interval :duration
  end
end

class Project < ActiveRecord::Base; end

class IntervalBugTest < Minitest::Test
  def test_duration
    project = Project.create(duration: 70.years)
    assert_equal 70.years, project.duration
  end

  def test_duration_error
    duration = 70.years.ago - Time.now()

    assert_raises ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid do
      Project.create(duration: duration)
    end
  end
end

Checklist

Before submitting the PR make sure the following are checked:

• This Pull Request is related to one change. Changes that are unrelated should be opened in separate PRs.
• Commit message has a detailed description of what changed and why. If this PR fixes a related issue include it in the commit message. Ex: [Fix #issue-number]
• Tests are added or updated if you fix a bug or add a feature.
• CHANGELOG files are updated for the changed libraries if there is a behavior change or additional feature. Minor bug fixes and documentation changes should not be included.

[zzak]

I was just curious and anyone else wondering this test fails prior to this patch with:

Error:
PostgresqlDataTypeTest#test_update_large_time_in_seconds:
ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid: PG::IntervalFieldOverflow: ERROR:  interval field value out of range: "PT2208986640.0S"
CONTEXT:  unnamed portal parameter $1 = '...'