Add cuDF devcontainers

[trxcllnt]

Description

This PR adds some devcontainers to help simplify building the cuDF C++ and Python libraries.

It also adds an optional job to the pr.yaml to build the cuDF libs in each devcontainer, so the build caches are populated for devs by CI.

A devcontainer can be launched by clicking the "Reopen in Container" button that VSCode shows when opening the repo (or by using the "Rebuild and Reopen in Container" command from the command palette):

Clicking this button will cause VSCode to prompt the user to select one of these devcontainer variants:

On startup, the devcontainer creates or updates the conda/pip environment using cudf/dependencies.yaml. The envs/package caches are cached on the host via volume mounts, which are described in more detail in .devcontainer/README.md.

The container includes convenience functions to clean, configure, and build the various cuDF components:

$ clean-cudf-cpp # only cleans the C++ build dir
$ clean-cudf-python # only cleans the Python build dir
$ clean-cudf # cleans both C++ and Python build dirs

$ configure-cudf-cpp # only configures cudf C++ lib

$ build-cudf-cpp # only builds cudf C++ lib
$ build-cudf-python # only builds cudf Python lib
$ build-cudf # builds both C++ and Python libs

• The C++ build script is a small wrapper around cmake -S ~/cudf/cpp -B ~/cudf/cpp/build and cmake --build ~/cudf/cpp/build
• The Python build script is a small wrapper around pip install --editable ~/cudf/cpp

Unlike build.sh, these convenience scripts don't install the libraries after building them. Instead, they automatically inject the correct arguments to build the C++ libraries from source and use their build dirs as package roots:

$ cmake -S ~/cudf/cpp -B ~/cudf/cpp/build
$ CMAKE_ARGS="-Dcudf_ROOT=~/cudf/cpp/build" \ # <-- this argument is automatic
  pip install -e ~/cudf/cpp

Checklist

• I am familiar with the Contributing Guidelines.
• New or existing tests cover these changes.
• The documentation is up to date with these changes.

[trxcllnt]

/ok to test

[trxcllnt]

/ok to test

[trxcllnt]

/ok to test

[trxcllnt]

/ok to test

[trxcllnt]

/ok to test

[bdice]

We'll have to wait a bit for some of cudf's dependencies to have nightly builds. It's a bit late for this to target 23.12 but we'll be able to finalize this early in the 24.02 development cycle. In the meantime, I'm testing out the unified devcontainers with version 23.12 of everything.

[bdice]

/ok to test

[bdice]

/ok to test

[bdice]

/ok to test

[bdice]

/ok to test

[bdice]

/merge

[bdice]

Blocked by #14452. I requested an admin-merge in the meantime.