[v23.2.x] tests/cluster_config_test: _check_value_everywhere retry and better error message

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #14581 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-14581-v23.2.x-684
git cherry-pick -x 4df27f9aebc0d6b352a67e49ee9cbbc1f867d2ce f8d4c52b48cfe5f4bdfdb1db0971ca5fa11d1e5b db3255283446f9fd05fc00c2ea484dfcc139437d

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-14581-v23.2.x-684
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] tests/cluster_config_test: _check_value_everywhere retry and better error message" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-14581-v23.2.x-684" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --reviewer "dotnwat,abhijat,andrwng,michael-redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/14581 "