[v23.2.x] r/consensus: update _last_leader_visible_offset on leader as well

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #15357 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-15357-v23.2.x-813
git cherry-pick -x 434b7fb0679466c9b958242ad1ed0af443a23475 43ba5dbeca0a34f1feb6ca7a4e173c8c5122b194 55da48c0999ac68432a3b99a33d6ecb588ea9293

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-15357-v23.2.x-813
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] r/consensus: update _last_leader_visible_offset on leader as well" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-15357-v23.2.x-813" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --reviewer "bharathv" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/15357 "

[ztlpn]

fixed by #15369