[v23.2.x] metrics: fix kafka_max_offset on read replicas

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #16263 to branch v23.2.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.2.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-16263-v23.2.x-537
git cherry-pick -x e567d6387e1c6b37674328ef355d029c30511434 7e33cc70ff4d0bfd59ed16849177480b79968c4a

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-16263-v23.2.x-537
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.2.x] metrics: fix kafka_max_offset on read replicas" \
  --base "v23.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-16263-v23.2.x-537" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/16263 "