[v23.3.x] Improve throughput throttling

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #16441 to branch v23.3.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.3.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-16441-v23.3.x-48
git cherry-pick -x f5a8aa13acbd5b0838e5acdcf34188f42b11cbcb bd424798c49f43916b08eb3d62d5617b8abd5607 20ca50ab871fbe7e1b009fd4687221596bfd9ba7 679804c8f07c7a983a158d36d37a8680628cda3d 55d8952d9dbe457e3da577eb608146d4c560ec59 6ddfb321cabb74d5b54357a0fec58b6c5d6e47fe

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-16441-v23.3.x-48
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.3.x] Improve throughput throttling" \
  --base "v23.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-16441-v23.3.x-48" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/16441 "

[BenPope]

Fixed by #16848