[v23.3.x] storage: fix windowed compaction error handling

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #16928 to branch v23.3.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v23.3.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-16928-v23.3.x-411
git cherry-pick -x 62fd4f83eee12ca0bd52d63de58e1b2ad4c80102 13f55371a6d23e64cf0729614c5eb715bcd3a49c 958aaf766b032c18bae659cceecb3078c55bd1b6 cc06447e3f3974427591bc2a7e16491aef653c17

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-16928-v23.3.x-411
gh pr create \
  --title "[v23.3.x] storage: fix windowed compaction error handling" \
  --base "v23.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-16928-v23.3.x-411" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v23.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/16928 "