cloud_storage: Fix unit-test timeout on ARM CI

[Lazin]

Use longer timeout since we observed that the VM can be paused in some cases for up to 60s.
Also, sync the clock before downloading the manifest in the unit-test. The download is purely local but the reactor stall can affect the computation of the deadline for the operation causing the timeout.

Fixes #15260

Backports Required

• none - not a bug fix
• none - this is a backport
• none - issue does not exist in previous branches
• none - papercut/not impactful enough to backport
• v23.3.x
• v23.2.x
• v23.1.x

Release Notes

• none

[vbotbuildovich]

new failures in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/44057#018d2c64-ea7e-4bc5-8be2-c12373e28492:

"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.ABS.test_case=.TS_Delete==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True.TS_Spillover_ManifestDeleted==True"
"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3.test_case=.TS_Read==True.AdjacentSegmentMergerReupload==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"
"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.ABS.test_case=.TS_Read==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"

new failures in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/44057#018d2c64-ea77-4d98-ac6b-ba5c93167135:

"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.ABS.test_case=.TS_Read==True.AdjacentSegmentMergerReupload==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"
"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3.test_case=.TS_Read==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"
"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3.test_case=.TS_Delete==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True.TS_Spillover_ManifestDeleted==True"

new failures in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/44057#018d2c8d-1a4f-4fe2-8594-f46c7aad514a:

"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.ABS.test_case=.TS_Delete==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True.TS_Spillover_ManifestDeleted==True"
"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.ABS.test_case=.TS_Read==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"
"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3.test_case=.TS_Read==True.AdjacentSegmentMergerReupload==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"

new failures in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/44057#018d2c8d-1a58-4b9b-b752-f85366ddeb1e:

"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.ABS.test_case=.TS_Read==True.TS_Timequery==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"
"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3.test_case=.TS_Read==True.TS_TxRangeMaterialized==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"

new failures in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/44057#018d2c8d-1a55-4b32-bb98-1a40a493e9f4:

"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.ABS.test_case=.TS_Read==True.AdjacentSegmentMergerReupload==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"
"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3.test_case=.TS_Delete==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True.TS_Spillover_ManifestDeleted==True"
"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3.test_case=.TS_Read==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"

new failures in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/44057#018d2c8d-1a52-41a7-914e-cab07c590b0b:

"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3.test_case=.TS_Read==True.TS_Timequery==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"
"rptest.tests.tiered_storage_model_test.TieredStorageTest.test_tiered_storage.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.ABS.test_case=.TS_Read==True.TS_TxRangeMaterialized==True.SpilloverManifestUploaded==True"

new failures in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/44076#018d3096-042b-4cf5-8bac-9552dae176c1:

"rptest.tests.timely_shutdown_test.ShutdownTest.test_timely_shutdown_with_failures"

[vbotbuildovich]

ducktape was retried in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/44057#018d2c64-ea7e-4bc5-8be2-c12373e28492

ducktape was retried in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/44076#018d30be-79fb-4bb9-895d-605c8a94fef7

ducktape was retried in https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/44435#018d5628-3a97-4147-ab7c-9213d7e78866

[Lazin]

Update: rebase with dev