feat(binder): overloaded operator/function resolution with implicit arg cast

[xiangjinwu]

I hereby agree to the terms of the Singularity Data, Inc. Contributor License Agreement.

What's changed and what's your intention?

Implements the PostgreSQL logic of resolving overloaded operator/function:
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/typeconv-oper.html
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/typeconv-func.html

This is necessary to determine the type of literal null used in a function (#3149). And allows us to unify adhoc casting logic scattered in bind_xxx / rewrite_xxx / FunctionCall::new.

The detailed logic of each rule is explained in doc comments. Some prior knowledge about our current type systems (subset of PostgreSQL) is listed here:

We have 13 types from 5 categories. Implicit cast is allowed in the direction of arrow within each category, and the last bolded type is the preferred type of that category.

• bool
• smallint/int2/int16 -> int/int4/int32 -> bigint/int8/int64 -> numeric/decimal -> real/float4/float32 -> double precision/float8/float64
• varchar
• date -> timestamp -> timestamp with time zone/timestamptz/timestampz
• time -> interval

Limitations (simplification from PostgreSQL rules):

• We do not have domain types.
• We do not have custom operators/functions from multiple schemas (namespaces).
• We do not support special cast syntax select int4(null); Note that select int(null); is invalid in PostgreSQL as well.
• Variadic functions, default values, named parameters are not handled here.
• We do not differentiate operators from functions.
  • We do not have a cache to speedup repeated operator lookup. (PostgreSQL only caches operators but not functions.)

Checklist

• I have written necessary docs and comments
• I have added necessary unit tests and integration tests
• All checks passed in ./risedev check (or alias, ./risedev c)

Refer to a related PR or issue link (optional)

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #3393 (f1e4f31) into main (d362d96) will increase coverage by 0.06%.
The diff coverage is 98.13%.

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3393      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   74.31%   74.37%   +0.06%     
==========================================
  Files         769      769              
  Lines      106773   107047     +274     
==========================================
+ Hits        79350    79620     +270     
- Misses      27423    27427       +4     

Flag	Coverage Δ
rust	74.37% <98.13%> (+0.06%)	⬆️

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Impacted Files	Coverage Δ
src/frontend/src/expr/mod.rs	87.09% <ø> (ø)
src/frontend/src/expr/type_inference/mod.rs	92.30% <ø> (ø)
src/tests/sqlsmith/src/expr.rs	89.47% <ø> (ø)
src/frontend/src/expr/type_inference/func.rs	98.93% <98.12%> (-0.79%)	⬇️
src/frontend/src/binder/expr/function.rs	81.75% <100.00%> (-0.18%)	⬇️
src/meta/src/hummock/mock_hummock_meta_client.rs	40.56% <0.00%> (-0.95%)	⬇️
src/frontend/src/expr/utils.rs	98.99% <0.00%> (-0.26%)	⬇️
src/storage/src/hummock/local_version_manager.rs	84.37% <0.00%> (-0.16%)	⬇️
src/meta/src/manager/id.rs	96.06% <0.00%> (ø)
... and 1 more

📣 Codecov can now indicate which changes are the most critical in Pull Requests. Learn more