A transpiler that converts Python bytecode into Java bytecode.
This is experimental code. If it breaks, you get to keep all the shiny pieces.
What it does:
- Provides an API to let you programmatically create Java class files.
- Compiles a Python 3.4 source file into a Java class file in a nominated
package. Supports the conversion of:
- Class definition and construction
- Class instantiation
- Method definition and invocation
- Some mathematical operations
- Some operations and methods on primitive types
- Exception handling
- for/while/if constructs
- Identification of mainline entry points
- Static initialization of modules.
- List comprehensions
- Keyword arguments
- import, from X import Y and from X import * statements for Python code
- Importing and using native Java APIs
- Implementing Java interfaces.
It doesn't currently support (this list is incomplete):
- Subclassing Python classes
- Extending native java classes.
- Generators
- with statements
exec()/eval()
These things are all possible - it's just a matter of time and development effort. The order listed here is a rough indicator of development priorities.
Using Python 3.4, install voc, then run it over your python script:
$ pip install voc $ python -m voc path/to/your/example.py Creating class 'example'... Writing example.class... Done.
This will produce an example.class, in the python namespace, that you can
run on any Java 1.7+ VM. To run the classfile, you'll need the Python support
libraries. These will eventually be available as a download; for now, you'll
need to compile them. See below for compilation instructions.
Once you've got the support Jarfile, you can run the example.class ensuring that the support jarfile is in your classpath. For example, using the Oracle Java VM, you would run:
$ java -XX:-UseSplitVerifier -classpath dist/python-java.jar:. python.example Hello, World
The -CC:-UseSplitVerifier argument is necessary to turn off stack map
verification in Java 7. This could be addressed by computing stack maps
for generated code.
To compile the Python support libraries for Java (the Oracle JVM):
$ ant java
This will create a dist directory that contains python-java.jar.
To compile for Android, you'll need to download the Android SDK. You only need the standalone SDK (see "Other install options") - you don't have to download the fully Android Studio if you don't want to.
Once you've downloaded and installed the SDK, create a local.properties
in the top level voc project directory, containing a single line:
sdk.dir=<path to SDK>/sdk
You can then run ant to compile dist/python-android.jar:
$ ant android
You can then add dist/python-android.jar to your Android project.
Documentation for VOC can be found on Read The Docs.
The Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC), or Dutch East India Company, is often considered the be the world's first multinational corporation. It was also the first company to issue shares, and facilitate the trading of those shares. It was granted a 21 year monopoly to carry out trade activities in Asia, primarily the Spice Islands - the Dutch East Indies. They established a major trading port at Batavia - now Jakarta, on the island of Java (now part of Indonesia). As a result of their monopoly, the VOC became an incredibly valuable company, issuing an 18% annual dividend for almost 200 years.
VOC was... the world's first Enterprise using Java. (rimshot!)
VOC is also a backronym for "Vestigial Output Compiler". Or "Vexing Obtuse Compiler". Or "Valuable Obscure Compiler". Or "Varigated Ocelot Calibrator". It's your choice.
VOC is part of the BeeWare suite. You can talk to the community through:
- @pybeeware on Twitter
- The BeeWare Users Mailing list, for questions about how to use the BeeWare suite.
- The BeeWare Developers Mailing list, for discussing the development of new features in the BeeWare suite, and ideas for new tools for the suite.
If you experience problems with VOC, log them on GitHub. If you want to contribute code, please fork the code and submit a pull request.