Auto merge of #85343 - Aaron1011:variance-diag, r=estebank

Add variance-related information to lifetime error messages

This PR adds a basic framework for displaying variance-related information in error messages. For example:

```
error: lifetime may not live long enough
  --> $DIR/type-check-pointer-comparisons.rs:12:5
   |
LL | fn compare_mut<'a, 'b>(x: *mut &'a i32, y: *mut &'b i32) {
   |                --  -- lifetime `'b` defined here
   |                |
   |                lifetime `'a` defined here
LL |     x == y;
   |     ^ requires that `'a` must outlive `'b`
   |
   = help: consider adding the following bound: `'a: 'b`
   = note: requirement occurs because of a mutable pointer to &i32
   = note: mutable pointers are invariant over their type parameter
   = help: see <https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/subtyping.html> for more information about variance
```

The last three lines are new.

This is accomplished by adding a new struct `VarianceDiagInfo`, and passing it along through the various relation methods. When relating types that change the variance (e.g. `&mut T` or `*mut T`), we pass a more specific `VarianceDiagInfo` storing information about the cause of the variance change. When an error, we use the `VarianceDiagInfo` to add additional information to the error message.

This PR doesn't change any variance-related computation or behavior - only diagnostic messages. Therefore, the implementation is quite incomplete - more detailed error messages can be filled in in subsequent PRs.

Limitations:
* We only attempt to deal with invariance - since it's at the bottom of the 'variance lattice', our variance will never change again after it becomes invariant. Handling contravariance would be trickier, since we can change between contravariance and covariance multiple times (e.g. `fn(fn(&'static u8))`). Since contravariance (AFAIK) is only used for function arguments, we can probably get away without a very fancy message for cases involving contravariance.
* `VarianceDiagInfo` currently only handles mutable pointers/references. However, user-defined types (structs, enums, and unions) have the variance of their type parameters inferred, so it would be good to eventually display information about that. We'll want to try to find a balance between displaying too much and too little information about how the variance was inferred.
* The improved error messages are only displayed when `#![feature(nll)]` / `-Z borrowck=mir` is enabled.  If issue #58781 is not resolved relatively soon, then we might want to duplicate some of this logic in the 'current' (non-NLL) region/outlives handling code.

compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/canonical/query_response.rs

@@ -660,7 +660,12 @@ impl<'tcx> TypeRelatingDelegate<'tcx> for QueryTypeRelatingDelegate<'_, 'tcx> {
         )
     }
 
-    fn push_outlives(&mut self, sup: ty::Region<'tcx>, sub: ty::Region<'tcx>) {
+    fn push_outlives(
+        &mut self,
+        sup: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        sub: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        _info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
+    ) {
         self.obligations.push(Obligation {
             cause: self.cause.clone(),
             param_env: self.param_env,

compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/combine.rs

@@ -371,9 +371,12 @@ impl<'infcx, 'tcx> CombineFields<'infcx, 'tcx> {
         match dir {
             EqTo => self.equate(a_is_expected).relate(a_ty, b_ty),
             SubtypeOf => self.sub(a_is_expected).relate(a_ty, b_ty),
-            SupertypeOf => {
-                self.sub(a_is_expected).relate_with_variance(ty::Contravariant, a_ty, b_ty)
-            }
+            SupertypeOf => self.sub(a_is_expected).relate_with_variance(
+                ty::Contravariant,
+                ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
+                a_ty,
+                b_ty,
+            ),
         }?;
 
         Ok(())
@@ -574,6 +577,7 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for Generalizer<'_, 'tcx> {
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         variance: ty::Variance,
+        _info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
         a: T,
         b: T,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T> {
@@ -737,7 +741,12 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for Generalizer<'_, 'tcx> {
                 if self.tcx().lazy_normalization() =>
             {
                 assert_eq!(promoted, None);
-                let substs = self.relate_with_variance(ty::Variance::Invariant, substs, substs)?;
+                let substs = self.relate_with_variance(
+                    ty::Variance::Invariant,
+                    ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
+                    substs,
+                    substs,
+                )?;
                 Ok(self.tcx().mk_const(ty::Const {
                     ty: c.ty,
                     val: ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::Unevaluated { def, substs, promoted }),
@@ -831,6 +840,7 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         _variance: ty::Variance,
+        _info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
         a: T,
         b: T,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T> {
@@ -965,7 +975,12 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for ConstInferUnifier<'_, 'tcx> {
                 if self.tcx().lazy_normalization() =>
             {
                 assert_eq!(promoted, None);
-                let substs = self.relate_with_variance(ty::Variance::Invariant, substs, substs)?;
+                let substs = self.relate_with_variance(
+                    ty::Variance::Invariant,
+                    ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
+                    substs,
+                    substs,
+                )?;
                 Ok(self.tcx().mk_const(ty::Const {
                     ty: c.ty,
                     val: ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::Unevaluated { def, substs, promoted }),

compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/equate.rs

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for Equate<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> {
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         _: ty::Variance,
+        _info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
         a: T,
         b: T,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T> {

compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/glb.rs

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for Glb<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> {
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         variance: ty::Variance,
+        _info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
         a: T,
         b: T,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T> {
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for Glb<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> {
         // When higher-ranked types are involved, computing the LUB is
         // very challenging, switch to invariance. This is obviously
         // overly conservative but works ok in practice.
-        self.relate_with_variance(ty::Variance::Invariant, a, b)?;
+        self.relate_with_variance(ty::Variance::Invariant, ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(), a, b)?;
         Ok(a)
     }
 }

compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/lub.rs

@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for Lub<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> {
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         variance: ty::Variance,
+        _info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
         a: T,
         b: T,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T> {
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for Lub<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> {
         // When higher-ranked types are involved, computing the LUB is
         // very challenging, switch to invariance. This is obviously
         // overly conservative but works ok in practice.
-        self.relate_with_variance(ty::Variance::Invariant, a, b)?;
+        self.relate_with_variance(ty::Variance::Invariant, ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(), a, b)?;
         Ok(a)
     }
 }

compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/nll_relate/mod.rs

@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@ where
     /// - Bivariant means that it doesn't matter.
     ambient_variance: ty::Variance,
 
+    ambient_variance_info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
+
     /// When we pass through a set of binders (e.g., when looking into
     /// a `fn` type), we push a new bound region scope onto here. This
     /// will contain the instantiated region for each region in those
@@ -78,7 +80,12 @@ pub trait TypeRelatingDelegate<'tcx> {
     /// satisfied for the two types to be related. `sub` and `sup` may
     /// be regions from the type or new variables created through the
     /// delegate.
-    fn push_outlives(&mut self, sup: ty::Region<'tcx>, sub: ty::Region<'tcx>);
+    fn push_outlives(
+        &mut self,
+        sup: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        sub: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
+    );
 
     fn const_equate(&mut self, a: &'tcx ty::Const<'tcx>, b: &'tcx ty::Const<'tcx>);
 
@@ -138,7 +145,14 @@ where
         delegate: D,
         ambient_variance: ty::Variance,
     ) -> Self {
-        Self { infcx, delegate, ambient_variance, a_scopes: vec![], b_scopes: vec![] }
+        Self {
+            infcx,
+            delegate,
+            ambient_variance,
+            ambient_variance_info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
+            a_scopes: vec![],
+            b_scopes: vec![],
+        }
     }
 
     fn ambient_covariance(&self) -> bool {
@@ -239,10 +253,15 @@ where
 
     /// Push a new outlives requirement into our output set of
     /// constraints.
-    fn push_outlives(&mut self, sup: ty::Region<'tcx>, sub: ty::Region<'tcx>) {
+    fn push_outlives(
+        &mut self,
+        sup: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        sub: ty::Region<'tcx>,
+        info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
+    ) {
         debug!("push_outlives({:?}: {:?})", sup, sub);
 
-        self.delegate.push_outlives(sup, sub);
+        self.delegate.push_outlives(sup, sub, info);
     }
 
     /// Relate a projection type and some value type lazily. This will always
@@ -490,13 +509,15 @@ where
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         variance: ty::Variance,
+        info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
         a: T,
         b: T,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T> {
         debug!("relate_with_variance(variance={:?}, a={:?}, b={:?})", variance, a, b);
 
         let old_ambient_variance = self.ambient_variance;
         self.ambient_variance = self.ambient_variance.xform(variance);
+        self.ambient_variance_info = self.ambient_variance_info.clone().xform(info);
 
         debug!("relate_with_variance: ambient_variance = {:?}", self.ambient_variance);
 
@@ -574,12 +595,12 @@ where
 
         if self.ambient_covariance() {
             // Covariance: a <= b. Hence, `b: a`.
-            self.push_outlives(v_b, v_a);
+            self.push_outlives(v_b, v_a, self.ambient_variance_info.clone());
         }
 
         if self.ambient_contravariance() {
             // Contravariant: b <= a. Hence, `a: b`.
-            self.push_outlives(v_a, v_b);
+            self.push_outlives(v_a, v_b, self.ambient_variance_info.clone());
         }
 
         Ok(a)
@@ -835,6 +856,7 @@ where
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         variance: ty::Variance,
+        _info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
         a: T,
         b: T,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T> {

compiler/rustc_infer/src/infer/sub.rs

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for Sub<'combine, 'infcx, 'tcx> {
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         variance: ty::Variance,
+        _info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
         a: T,
         b: T,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T> {

compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/_match.rs

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ impl TypeRelation<'tcx> for Match<'tcx> {
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         _: ty::Variance,
+        _: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
         a: T,
         b: T,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T> {

compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/mod.rs

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ pub use self::sty::{
     ExistentialPredicate, ExistentialProjection, ExistentialTraitRef, FnSig, FreeRegion, GenSig,
     GeneratorSubsts, GeneratorSubstsParts, ParamConst, ParamTy, PolyExistentialProjection,
     PolyExistentialTraitRef, PolyFnSig, PolyGenSig, PolyTraitRef, ProjectionTy, Region, RegionKind,
-    RegionVid, TraitRef, TyKind, TypeAndMut, UpvarSubsts,
+    RegionVid, TraitRef, TyKind, TypeAndMut, UpvarSubsts, VarianceDiagInfo, VarianceDiagMutKind,
 };
 pub use self::trait_def::TraitDef;
 

compiler/rustc_middle/src/ty/relate.rs

@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ pub trait TypeRelation<'tcx>: Sized {
     fn relate_with_variance<T: Relate<'tcx>>(
         &mut self,
         variance: ty::Variance,
+        info: ty::VarianceDiagInfo<'tcx>,
         a: T,
         b: T,
     ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, T>;
@@ -111,24 +112,23 @@ pub trait Relate<'tcx>: TypeFoldable<'tcx> + Copy {
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 // Relate impls
 
-impl<'tcx> Relate<'tcx> for ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx> {
-    fn relate<R: TypeRelation<'tcx>>(
-        relation: &mut R,
-        a: ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
-        b: ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
-    ) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>> {
-        debug!("{}.mts({:?}, {:?})", relation.tag(), a, b);
-        if a.mutbl != b.mutbl {
-            Err(TypeError::Mutability)
-        } else {
-            let mutbl = a.mutbl;
-            let variance = match mutbl {
-                ast::Mutability::Not => ty::Covariant,
-                ast::Mutability::Mut => ty::Invariant,
-            };
-            let ty = relation.relate_with_variance(variance, a.ty, b.ty)?;
-            Ok(ty::TypeAndMut { ty, mutbl })
-        }
+fn relate_type_and_mut<'tcx, R: TypeRelation<'tcx>>(
+    relation: &mut R,
+    a: ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
+    b: ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>,
+    kind: ty::VarianceDiagMutKind,
+) -> RelateResult<'tcx, ty::TypeAndMut<'tcx>> {
+    debug!("{}.mts({:?}, {:?})", relation.tag(), a, b);
+    if a.mutbl != b.mutbl {
+        Err(TypeError::Mutability)
+    } else {
+        let mutbl = a.mutbl;
+        let (variance, info) = match mutbl {
+            ast::Mutability::Not => (ty::Covariant, ty::VarianceDiagInfo::None),
+            ast::Mutability::Mut => (ty::Invariant, ty::VarianceDiagInfo::Mut { kind, ty: a.ty }),
+        };
+        let ty = relation.relate_with_variance(variance, info, a.ty, b.ty)?;
+        Ok(ty::TypeAndMut { ty, mutbl })
     }
 }
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ pub fn relate_substs<R: TypeRelation<'tcx>>(
 
     let params = iter::zip(a_subst, b_subst).enumerate().map(|(i, (a, b))| {
         let variance = variances.map_or(ty::Invariant, |v| v[i]);
-        relation.relate_with_variance(variance, a, b)
+        relation.relate_with_variance(variance, ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(), a, b)
     });
 
     tcx.mk_substs(params)
@@ -177,7 +177,12 @@ impl<'tcx> Relate<'tcx> for ty::FnSig<'tcx> {
                 if is_output {
                     relation.relate(a, b)
                 } else {
-                    relation.relate_with_variance(ty::Contravariant, a, b)
+                    relation.relate_with_variance(
+                        ty::Contravariant,
+                        ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
+                        a,
+                        b,
+                    )
                 }
             })
             .enumerate()
@@ -251,8 +256,18 @@ impl<'tcx> Relate<'tcx> for ty::ExistentialProjection<'tcx> {
                 b.item_def_id,
             )))
         } else {
-            let ty = relation.relate_with_variance(ty::Invariant, a.ty, b.ty)?;
-            let substs = relation.relate_with_variance(ty::Invariant, a.substs, b.substs)?;
+            let ty = relation.relate_with_variance(
+                ty::Invariant,
+                ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
+                a.ty,
+                b.ty,
+            )?;
+            let substs = relation.relate_with_variance(
+                ty::Invariant,
+                ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
+                a.substs,
+                b.substs,
+            )?;
             Ok(ty::ExistentialProjection { item_def_id: a.item_def_id, substs, ty })
         }
     }
@@ -364,7 +379,12 @@ pub fn super_relate_tys<R: TypeRelation<'tcx>>(
 
         (&ty::Dynamic(a_obj, a_region), &ty::Dynamic(b_obj, b_region)) => {
             let region_bound = relation.with_cause(Cause::ExistentialRegionBound, |relation| {
-                relation.relate_with_variance(ty::Contravariant, a_region, b_region)
+                relation.relate_with_variance(
+                    ty::Contravariant,
+                    ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
+                    a_region,
+                    b_region,
+                )
             })?;
             Ok(tcx.mk_dynamic(relation.relate(a_obj, b_obj)?, region_bound))
         }
@@ -398,15 +418,20 @@ pub fn super_relate_tys<R: TypeRelation<'tcx>>(
         }
 
         (&ty::RawPtr(a_mt), &ty::RawPtr(b_mt)) => {
-            let mt = relation.relate(a_mt, b_mt)?;
+            let mt = relate_type_and_mut(relation, a_mt, b_mt, ty::VarianceDiagMutKind::RawPtr)?;
             Ok(tcx.mk_ptr(mt))
         }
 
         (&ty::Ref(a_r, a_ty, a_mutbl), &ty::Ref(b_r, b_ty, b_mutbl)) => {
-            let r = relation.relate_with_variance(ty::Contravariant, a_r, b_r)?;
+            let r = relation.relate_with_variance(
+                ty::Contravariant,
+                ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
+                a_r,
+                b_r,
+            )?;
             let a_mt = ty::TypeAndMut { ty: a_ty, mutbl: a_mutbl };
             let b_mt = ty::TypeAndMut { ty: b_ty, mutbl: b_mutbl };
-            let mt = relation.relate(a_mt, b_mt)?;
+            let mt = relate_type_and_mut(relation, a_mt, b_mt, ty::VarianceDiagMutKind::Ref)?;
             Ok(tcx.mk_ref(r, mt))
         }
 
@@ -536,8 +561,12 @@ pub fn super_relate_consts<R: TypeRelation<'tcx>>(
         (ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(au), ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(bu))
             if au.def == bu.def && au.promoted == bu.promoted =>
         {
-            let substs =
-                relation.relate_with_variance(ty::Variance::Invariant, au.substs, bu.substs)?;
+            let substs = relation.relate_with_variance(
+                ty::Variance::Invariant,
+                ty::VarianceDiagInfo::default(),
+                au.substs,
+                bu.substs,
+            )?;
             return Ok(tcx.mk_const(ty::Const {
                 val: ty::ConstKind::Unevaluated(ty::Unevaluated {
                     def: au.def,