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Improve Markdown styling in README

Update Readme to use consistent line lengths. Also update some formatting and links. (Followup to #105553).

r? ``@workingjubilee``
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matthiaskrgr committed Jan 18, 2023
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Expand Up @@ -3,10 +3,11 @@
This is the main source code repository for [Rust]. It contains the compiler,
standard library, and documentation.

[Rust]: https://www.rust-lang.org
[Rust]: https://www.rust-lang.org/

**Note: this README is for _users_ rather than _contributors_.**
If you wish to _contribute_ to the compiler, you should read [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) instead.
If you wish to _contribute_ to the compiler, you should read
[CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) instead.

## Quick Start

Expand All @@ -20,13 +21,15 @@ Read ["Installation"] from [The Book].
The Rust build system uses a Python script called `x.py` to build the compiler,
which manages the bootstrapping process. It lives at the root of the project.

The `x.py` command can be run directly on most Unix systems in the following format:
The `x.py` command can be run directly on most Unix systems in the following
format:

```sh
./x.py <subcommand> [flags]
```

This is how the documentation and examples assume you are running `x.py`. Some alternative ways are:
This is how the documentation and examples assume you are running `x.py`.
Some alternative ways are:

```sh
# On a Unix shell if you don't have the necessary `python3` command
Expand All @@ -39,8 +42,8 @@ x.py <subcommand> [flags]
python x.py <subcommand> [flags]
```

More information about `x.py` can be found
by running it with the `--help` flag or reading the [rustc dev guide][rustcguidebuild].
More information about `x.py` can be found by running it with the `--help` flag
or reading the [rustc dev guide][rustcguidebuild].

[gettingstarted]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/getting-started.html
[rustcguidebuild]: https://rustc-dev-guide.rust-lang.org/building/how-to-build-and-run.html
Expand All @@ -49,24 +52,29 @@ by running it with the `--help` flag or reading the [rustc dev guide][rustcguide

Make sure you have installed the dependencies:

* `python` 3 or 2.7
* `git`
* A C compiler (when building for the host, `cc` is enough; cross-compiling may need additional compilers)
* `curl` (not needed on Windows)
* `pkg-config` if you are compiling on Linux and targeting Linux
* `libiconv` (already included with glibc on Debian-based distros)
* `python` 3 or 2.7
* `git`
* A C compiler (when building for the host, `cc` is enough; cross-compiling may
need additional compilers)
* `curl` (not needed on Windows)
* `pkg-config` if you are compiling on Linux and targeting Linux
* `libiconv` (already included with glibc on Debian-based distros)

To build cargo, you'll also need OpenSSL (`libssl-dev` or `openssl-devel` on most Unix distros).
To build Cargo, you'll also need OpenSSL (`libssl-dev` or `openssl-devel` on
most Unix distros).

If building LLVM from source, you'll need additional tools:

* `g++`, `clang++`, or MSVC with versions listed on
[LLVM's documentation](https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html#host-c-toolchain-both-compiler-and-standard-library)
* `ninja`, or GNU `make` 3.81 or later (ninja is recommended, especially on Windows)
* `ninja`, or GNU `make` 3.81 or later (Ninja is recommended, especially on
Windows)
* `cmake` 3.13.4 or later
* `libstdc++-static` may be required on some Linux distributions such as Fedora and Ubuntu
* `libstdc++-static` may be required on some Linux distributions such as Fedora
and Ubuntu

On tier 1 or tier 2 with host tools platforms, you can also choose to download LLVM by setting `llvm.download-ci-llvm = true`.
On tier 1 or tier 2 with host tools platforms, you can also choose to download
LLVM by setting `llvm.download-ci-llvm = true`.
Otherwise, you'll need LLVM installed and `llvm-config` in your path.
See [the rustc-dev-guide for more info][sysllvm].

Expand All @@ -86,52 +94,57 @@ See [the rustc-dev-guide for more info][sysllvm].

2. Configure the build settings:

The Rust build system uses a file named `config.toml` in the root of the
source tree to determine various configuration settings for the build.
Set up the defaults intended for distros to get started. You can see a full list of options
in `config.toml.example`.
The Rust build system uses a file named `config.toml` in the root of the
source tree to determine various configuration settings for the build.
Set up the defaults intended for distros to get started. You can see a full
list of options in `config.toml.example`.

```sh
printf 'profile = "user" \nchangelog-seen = 2 \n' > config.toml
```
```sh
printf 'profile = "user" \nchangelog-seen = 2 \n' > config.toml
```

If you plan to use `x.py install` to create an installation, it is recommended
that you set the `prefix` value in the `[install]` section to a directory.
If you plan to use `x.py install` to create an installation, it is
recommended that you set the `prefix` value in the `[install]` section to a
directory.

3. Build and install:

```sh
./x.py build && ./x.py install
```
```sh
./x.py build && ./x.py install
```

When complete, `./x.py install` will place several programs into
`$PREFIX/bin`: `rustc`, the Rust compiler, and `rustdoc`, the
API-documentation tool. If you've set `profile = "user"` or `build.extended = true`, it will
also include [Cargo], Rust's package manager.
When complete, `./x.py install` will place several programs into
`$PREFIX/bin`: `rustc`, the Rust compiler, and `rustdoc`, the
API-documentation tool. If you've set `profile = "user"` or
`build.extended = true`, it will also include [Cargo], Rust's package
manager.

[Cargo]: https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo

### Building on Windows

On Windows, we suggest using [winget] to install dependencies by running the following in a terminal:
On Windows, we suggest using [winget] to install dependencies by running the
following in a terminal:

```powershell
winget install -e Python.Python.3
winget install -e Kitware.CMake
winget install -e Git.Git
```

Then edit your system's `PATH` variable and add: `C:\Program Files\CMake\bin`. See
[this guide on editing the system `PATH`](https://www.java.com/en/download/help/path.html) from the
Java documentation.
Then edit your system's `PATH` variable and add: `C:\Program Files\CMake\bin`.
See
[this guide on editing the system `PATH`](https://www.java.com/en/download/help/path.html)
from the Java documentation.

[winget]: https://github.com/microsoft/winget-cli

There are two prominent ABIs in use on Windows: the native (MSVC) ABI used by
Visual Studio and the GNU ABI used by the GCC toolchain. Which version of Rust
you need depends largely on what C/C++ libraries you want to interoperate with.
Use the MSVC build of Rust to interop with software produced by Visual Studio and
the GNU build to interop with GNU software built using the MinGW/MSYS2 toolchain.
Use the MSVC build of Rust to interop with software produced by Visual Studio
and the GNU build to interop with GNU software built using the MinGW/MSYS2
toolchain.

#### MinGW

Expand All @@ -144,7 +157,7 @@ the GNU build to interop with GNU software built using the MinGW/MSYS2 toolchain
2. Run `mingw32_shell.bat` or `mingw64_shell.bat` from the MSYS2 installation
directory (e.g. `C:\msys64`), depending on whether you want 32-bit or 64-bit
Rust. (As of the latest version of MSYS2 you have to run `msys2_shell.cmd
-mingw32` or `msys2_shell.cmd -mingw64` from the command line instead)
-mingw32` or `msys2_shell.cmd -mingw64` from the command line instead.)

3. From this terminal, install the required tools:

Expand All @@ -153,11 +166,11 @@ the GNU build to interop with GNU software built using the MinGW/MSYS2 toolchain
pacman -Sy pacman-mirrors

# Install build tools needed for Rust. If you're building a 32-bit compiler,
# then replace "x86_64" below with "i686". If you've already got git, python,
# or CMake installed and in PATH you can remove them from this list. Note
# that it is important that you do **not** use the 'python2', 'cmake' and 'ninja'
# packages from the 'msys2' subsystem. The build has historically been known
# to fail with these packages.
# then replace "x86_64" below with "i686". If you've already got Git, Python,
# or CMake installed and in PATH you can remove them from this list.
# Note that it is important that you do **not** use the 'python2', 'cmake',
# and 'ninja' packages from the 'msys2' subsystem.
# The build has historically been known to fail with these packages.
pacman -S git \
make \
diffutils \
Expand All @@ -178,12 +191,12 @@ the GNU build to interop with GNU software built using the MinGW/MSYS2 toolchain

MSVC builds of Rust additionally require an installation of Visual Studio 2017
(or later) so `rustc` can use its linker. The simplest way is to get
[Visual Studio], check the “C++ build tools” and “Windows 10 SDK” workload.
[Visual Studio], check the "C++ build tools" and "Windows 10 SDK" workload.

[Visual Studio]: https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/downloads/

(If you're installing cmake yourself, be careful that “C++ CMake tools for
Windows” doesn't get included under “Individual components”.)
(If you're installing CMake yourself, be careful that "C++ CMake tools for
Windows" doesn't get included under "Individual components".)

With these dependencies installed, you can build the compiler in a `cmd.exe`
shell with:
Expand All @@ -192,10 +205,11 @@ shell with:
python x.py build
```

Right now, building Rust only works with some known versions of Visual Studio. If
you have a more recent version installed and the build system doesn't understand,
you may need to force rustbuild to use an older version. This can be done
by manually calling the appropriate vcvars file before running the bootstrap.
Right now, building Rust only works with some known versions of Visual Studio.
If you have a more recent version installed and the build system doesn't
understand, you may need to force rustbuild to use an older version.
This can be done by manually calling the appropriate vcvars file before running
the bootstrap.

```batch
CALL "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
Expand All @@ -215,9 +229,9 @@ Windows build triples are:
- `x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`

The build triple can be specified by either specifying `--build=<triple>` when
invoking `x.py` commands, or by creating a `config.toml` file (as described
in [Installing From Source](#installing-from-source)), and modifying the
`build` option under the `[build]` section.
invoking `x.py` commands, or by creating a `config.toml` file (as described in
[Installing from Source](#installing-from-source)), and modifying the `build`
option under the `[build]` section.

### Configure and Make

Expand All @@ -229,33 +243,35 @@ configure script and makefile (the latter of which just invokes `x.py`).
make && sudo make install
```

`configure` generates a `config.toml` which can also be used with normal `x.py` invocations.
`configure` generates a `config.toml` which can also be used with normal `x.py`
invocations.

## Building Documentation

If you’d like to build the documentation, it’s almost the same:
If you'd like to build the documentation, it's almost the same:

```sh
./x.py doc
```

The generated documentation will appear under `doc` in the `build` directory for
the ABI used. I.e., if the ABI was `x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`, the directory will be
`build\x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\doc`.
the ABI used. That is, if the ABI was `x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`, the directory
will be `build\x86_64-pc-windows-msvc\doc`.

## Notes

Since the Rust compiler is written in Rust, it must be built by a
precompiled "snapshot" version of itself (made in an earlier stage of
development). As such, source builds require an Internet connection to
fetch snapshots, and an OS that can execute the available snapshot binaries.
Since the Rust compiler is written in Rust, it must be built by a precompiled
"snapshot" version of itself (made in an earlier stage of development).
As such, source builds require an Internet connection to fetch snapshots, and an
OS that can execute the available snapshot binaries.

See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html for a list of supported platforms.
Only "host tools" platforms have a pre-compiled snapshot binary available; to compile for a platform
without host tools you must cross-compile.
See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html for a list of
supported platforms.
Only "host tools" platforms have a pre-compiled snapshot binary available; to
compile for a platform without host tools you must cross-compile.

You may find that other platforms work, but these are our officially
supported build environments that are most likely to work.
You may find that other platforms work, but these are our officially supported
build environments that are most likely to work.

## Getting Help

Expand All @@ -267,23 +283,24 @@ See [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md).

## License

Rust is primarily distributed under the terms of both the MIT license
and the Apache License (Version 2.0), with portions covered by various
BSD-like licenses.
Rust is primarily distributed under the terms of both the MIT license and the
Apache License (Version 2.0), with portions covered by various BSD-like
licenses.

See [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE), [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT), and
[COPYRIGHT](COPYRIGHT) for details.

## Trademark

[The Rust Foundation][rust-foundation] owns and protects the Rust and Cargo
trademarks and logos (the “Rust Trademarks”).
trademarks and logos (the "Rust Trademarks").

If you want to use these names or brands, please read the [media guide][media-guide].
If you want to use these names or brands, please read the
[media guide][media-guide].

Third-party logos may be subject to third-party copyrights and trademarks. See
[Licenses][policies-licenses] for details.

[rust-foundation]: https://foundation.rust-lang.org/
[media-guide]: https://www.rust-lang.org/policies/media-guide
[media-guide]: https://foundation.rust-lang.org/policies/logo-policy-and-media-guide/
[policies-licenses]: https://www.rust-lang.org/policies/licenses

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