algstat is a collection of tools to help do algebraic statistics in R. Many (but not all) of the tools make use of back-end connections to software used in various math communities, such as Macaulay2 (for algebraic computations), Bertini (for solving systems of polynomial equations), and LattE with 4ti2 (for lattice problems and, in particular, the computation of Markov bases).
This brief intro is currently under construction.
Note: this section assumes you have LattE and 4ti2 installed and algstat has registered them.
One of the most well-developed parts of the package allows users to perform (conditional) exact tests for log-linear models. There are several great references on the math behind this, such as Diaconis and Sturmfels' original paper, the Lectures on Algebraic Statistics, and Markov Bases in Algebraic Statistics, so we'll keep the technical discussion to a minimum.
We'll begin by doing Fisher's exact test on a built-in dataset called politics.
library(algstat)
#> Loading required package: mpoly
#> Loading required package: stringr
#> Loading required package: latter
#> LattE found in /Applications/latte/dest/bin
#> 4ti2 found in /Applications/latte/dest/bin
data(politics)
politics
#> Party
#> Personality Democrat Republican
#> Introvert 3 7
#> Extrovert 6 4
fisher.test(politics)
#>
#> Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data
#>
#> data: politics
#> p-value = 0.3698
#> alternative hypothesis: true odds ratio is not equal to 1
#> 95 percent confidence interval:
#> 0.03005364 2.46429183
#> sample estimates:
#> odds ratio
#> 0.305415Since the independence model is log-linear, this exact same procedure can be done with algstat. The go-to function here is loglinear() (formerly hierarchical()):
loglinear(~ Personality + Party, data = politics)
#> Computing Markov moves (4ti2)... done.
#> Running chain (C++)... done.
#> Call:
#> loglinear(model = ~Personality + Party, data = politics)
#>
#> Fitting method:
#> Iterative proportional fitting (with stats::loglin)
#>
#> MCMC details:
#> N = 10000 samples (after thinning), burn in = 1000, thinning = 10
#>
#> Distance Stat SE p.value SE mid.p.value
#> P(samp) 0.374 0.0048 0.223
#> Pearson X^2 1.8182 0.0147 0.374 0.0048 0.223
#> Likelihood G^2 1.848 0.0157 0.374 0.0048 0.223
#> Freeman-Tukey 1.8749 0.017 0.374 0.0048 0.223
#> Cressie-Read 1.8247 0.0149 0.374 0.0048 0.223
#> Neyman X^2 2.0089 0.0227 0.374 0.0048 0.2988Exact inference in algebraic statistics is done using MCMC to sample from the conditional distribution of the data given its sufficient statistics under the model. Consequently, the p-values estimated are only determined up to Monte Carlo error. The standard p-value is given under the column p.value in the row labeled P(samp). The analogous asymptotic test can be done in either of two ways.
The first way uses the loglin() function from the stats package. It outputs the likelihood ratio statistic (Likelihood G^2 in the output above) and Pearson's chi-squared statistic (Pearson X^2 above), but you have to calculate the p-value yourself.
(loglinMod <- stats::loglin(politics, list(1, 2)))
#> 2 iterations: deviation 0
#> $lrt
#> [1] 1.848033
#>
#> $pearson
#> [1] 1.818182
#>
#> $df
#> [1] 1
#>
#> $margin
#> $margin[[1]]
#> [1] "Personality"
#>
#> $margin[[2]]
#> [1] "Party"
pchisq(loglinMod$pearson, df = 1, lower.tail = FALSE)
#> [1] 0.1775299The second way is the loglm() function in the MASS package, which is a nice wrapper of loglin() (in fact, algstat's loglinear() function uses the IPF implementation from loglin(), although it doesn't need to). It's syntax looks identical to loglinear()'s above:
MASS::loglm(~ Personality + Party, data = politics)
#> Call:
#> MASS::loglm(formula = ~Personality + Party, data = politics)
#>
#> Statistics:
#> X^2 df P(> X^2)
#> Likelihood Ratio 1.848033 1 0.1740123
#> Pearson 1.818182 1 0.1775299Doing Fisher's exact test on larger problems is a significantly more complicated problem. The documentation for fisher.test() illustrates how it can be used on RxC tables in general, not just on 2x2 tables. Here's an example from its documentation drawn from Agresti (2002, p.57):
Job <- matrix(
c(1,2,1,0, 3,3,6,1, 10,10,14,9, 6,7,12,11), nrow = 4, ncol = 4,
dimnames = list(
income = c("< 15k", "15-25k", "25-40k", "> 40k"),
satisfaction = c("VeryD", "LittleD", "ModerateS", "VeryS")
)
)
Job
#> satisfaction
#> income VeryD LittleD ModerateS VeryS
#> < 15k 1 3 10 6
#> 15-25k 2 3 10 7
#> 25-40k 1 6 14 12
#> > 40k 0 1 9 11
fisher.test(Job)
#>
#> Fisher's Exact Test for Count Data
#>
#> data: Job
#> p-value = 0.7827
#> alternative hypothesis: two.sidedAnd the algstat counterpart:
loglinear(~ income + satisfaction, data = Job)
#> Care ought be taken with tables with sampling zeros to ensure the MLE exists.
#> Computing Markov moves (4ti2)... done.
#> Running chain (C++)... done.
#> Call:
#> loglinear(model = ~income + satisfaction, data = Job)
#>
#> Fitting method:
#> Iterative proportional fitting (with stats::loglin)
#>
#> MCMC details:
#> N = 10000 samples (after thinning), burn in = 1000, thinning = 10
#>
#> Distance Stat SE p.value SE mid.p.value
#> P(samp) 0.7809 0.0041 0.7807
#> Pearson X^2 5.9655 0.0396 0.7694 0.0042 0.7694
#> Likelihood G^2 6.7641 0.0428 0.7725 0.0042 0.7725
#> Freeman-Tukey 8.6189 0.0584 0.7713 0.0042 0.7713
#> Cressie-Read 6.0752 0.0392 0.7702 0.0042 0.7702
#> Neyman X^2 6.2442 0.0488 0.6005 0.0049 0.6005Note that the asymptotic test can be performed as well. The chi-square approximation is actually very good here:
MASS::loglm(~ income + satisfaction, data = Job)
#> Call:
#> MASS::loglm(formula = ~income + satisfaction, data = Job)
#>
#> Statistics:
#> X^2 df P(> X^2)
#> Likelihood Ratio 6.764053 9 0.6616696
#> Pearson 5.965515 9 0.7433647fisher.test() does not generalize to multi-way tables and is prone to crashing even in large-celled two-way tables (see ?loglinear for an example). Thus, the only way to do exact inference in multi-way tables (in general and in R) is to use an algebraic method. We'll illustrate this using the drugs dataset from loglinear()'s documentation, taken from Agresti (2002, p.322), on which we'll test the no-three-way interaction model:
data(drugs)
ftable(drugs)
#> Alcohol Yes No
#> Cigarette Marijuana
#> Yes Yes 991 3
#> No 538 43
#> No Yes 44 2
#> No 456 279
loglinear(subsets(1:3, 2), data = drugs)
#> Computing Markov moves (4ti2)... done.
#> Running chain (C++)... done.
#> Call:
#> loglinear(model = subsets(1:3, 2), data = drugs)
#>
#> Fitting method:
#> Iterative proportional fitting (with stats::loglin)
#>
#> MCMC details:
#> N = 10000 samples (after thinning), burn in = 1000, thinning = 10
#>
#> Distance Stat SE p.value SE mid.p.value
#> P(samp) 0.6004 0.0049 0.4646
#> Pearson X^2 0.5279 0.0137 0.6004 0.0049 0.4646
#> Likelihood G^2 0.4845 0.0151 0.6004 0.0049 0.4646
#> Freeman-Tukey 0.4672 0.0241 0.6004 0.0049 0.4646
#> Cressie-Read 0.512 0.0133 0.6004 0.0049 0.4646
#> Neyman X^2 0.4294 0.0125 0.6004 0.0049 0.4646Note that here we've used the more concise syntax of facet specification. Doing the same with loglm() looks like this:
MASS::loglm(~ 1*2 + 2*3 + 1*3, data = drugs)
#> Call:
#> MASS::loglm(formula = ~1 * 2 + 2 * 3 + 1 * 3, data = drugs)
#>
#> Statistics:
#> X^2 df P(> X^2)
#> Likelihood Ratio 0.4845145 1 0.4863845
#> Pearson 0.5279994 1 0.4674492Note: this section assumes you have LattE and 4ti2 installed and latter has registered it.
Most LattE programs are available as functions in latter, which is imported by algstat. Checkout the readme for latter here.
There are many statistical applications and potential applications of LattE in R. One example is found in the count program, implemented in latter::count(). latter::count() counts the number of integer points in a convex polytope. This can be useful for counting the number of contingency tables with fixed marginals. algstat uses latter::count() in the countTables() function, which determines the number of contingency tables in the fiber (isostatistical region) of a table given an exponential family model.
countTables(politics) # the independence model is the default
#> [1] 10For example, we can determine the number of tables with the same row sums of politics as follows:
(A <- hmat(varlvls = c(2, 2), facets = 1:2)[1:2,])
#> 11 12 21 22
#> 1+ 1 1 0 0
#> 2+ 0 0 1 1
countTables(politics, A)
#> [1] 121Note: this section assumes you have Bertini installed and algstat has registered it.
algstat also provides back-end connections to Bertini to solve systems of polynomial equations. While this work is still being implemented, here's a peak at what it can currently do.
First, algstat can run raw Bertini programs using bertini(). It also has a nice print method to display the results. For example, here's how you would find the intersection of the line f(x) = x and the unit circle using Bertini:
code <- "
INPUT
variable_group x, y;
function f, g;
f = x^2 + y^2 - 1;
g = y - x;
END;
"
bertini(code)
#> 2 solutions (x,y) found. (2 real, 0 complex; 2 nonsingular, 0 singular.)
#> (-0.707,-0.707) (R)
#> ( 0.707, 0.707) (R)Even better, algstat can team up with mpoly (working under the hood) to solve systems of polynomial equations using polySolve():
curve(x^2, from = -2, to = 2, )
curve(2 - x^2, from = -2, to = 2, add = TRUE)
polySolve(c("y = x^2", "y = 2 - x^2"), varOrder = c("x", "y"))
#> 2 solutions (x,y) found. (2 real, 0 complex; 2 nonsingular, 0 singular.)
#> (-1,1) (R)
#> ( 1,1) (R)-
From CRAN:
install.packages("algstat")(this is not up-to-date) -
From Github (dev version):
# install.packages("devtools") # install.packages("mpoly") devtools::install_github("dkahle/algstat")
Coming soon! See the links above for direct information.