Maybe it helps if the digit itself can be counted.
When I noticed a young kid able to do simple calculations with things, depictions and spoken numbers significantly better than with amounts written in digits, I wondered if learning could be helped by making the abstractions that digits are, explicit WITHIN doing calculations. This resulted in designs for 3 'machines', where every number is always also represented in an amount of circles (or emoji).
Showing that adding and substracting are the same thing in a different direction.
And sneaking in the concept of negative numbers.
The first reasonable paper prototype:
The UNDER CONSTRUCTION digital design:
I made a (still jerky, bugfix welcome) digital version of it that you can play on touch screens. Try by clicking this image:
- Rings/bracelets that show digits (similar to what's on combination lock). With a viewing window to read the number from and to keep 2 rings together. Highlight zeroes as those trigger 'carry over'. Of course those high-tech knitters thought of the same:
- Necklace with beads that each have a number, starting with zero and from there add one every time (somebody must have made this, though the closest I got to finding it was this Or the 5ct character on a cubic bead at De Museumfabriek
Built them. Just waiting for some time to shoot the video.
At my kids school they did use the "Aan Boord" writing method
Call it AI if you want
note: