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docs: add server-side rendering guide for auth (#9057)
* docs: add server-side rendering guide for auth * docs: apply suggestions from code review Co-authored-by: dng <danny@supabase.io> Co-authored-by: dng <danny@supabase.io>
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apps/reference/docs/guides/auth/server-side-rendering.mdx
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--- | ||
id: server-side-rendering | ||
title: Server-Side Rendering | ||
description: Render pages with user information on the server. | ||
--- | ||
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Single-page apps with server-side rendering (SSR) is a popular way to optimize rendering | ||
performance and leverage advanced caching strategies. | ||
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Supabase Auth supports server-side rendering when you need access to user | ||
information, or your server needs to authorize API requests on behalf of your | ||
user to render content. | ||
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When a user authenticates with Supabase Auth, two pieces of information are | ||
issued by the server: | ||
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1. **Access token** in the form of a JWT. | ||
2. **Refresh token** which is a randomly generated string. | ||
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Most Supabase projects have their auth server listening on | ||
`<project-ref>.supabase.co/auth/v1`, thus the access token and refresh token are | ||
set as `sb-access-token` and `sb-refresh-token` cookies on the | ||
`<project-ref>.supabase.co` domain. | ||
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:::note | ||
These cookie names are for internal Supabase use only and may change without | ||
warning. They are included in this guide for illustration purposes only. | ||
::: | ||
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Web browsers limit access to cookies across domains, consistent with the | ||
[Same-Origin Policy | ||
(SOP)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Security/Same-origin_policy). | ||
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Your web application cannot access these cookies, | ||
nor will these cookies be sent to your application's server. | ||
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## Understanding the authentication flow | ||
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When you call one of the `signIn` methods, the client library running in the | ||
browser sends the request to the Supabase Auth server. The Auth server determines | ||
whether to verify a phone number, email and password combination, a Magic Link, | ||
or use a social login (if you have any setup in your project). | ||
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Upon successful verification of the identity of the user, the Supabase Auth | ||
server redirects the user back to your single-page app. | ||
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:::tip | ||
You can configure [redirects URLs](https://app.supabase.com/project/_/auth/settings) in the Supabase Dashboard. You can use wildcard match patterns | ||
like `*` and `**` to allow redirects to different forms of URLs. | ||
::: | ||
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These redirect URLs have the following structure: | ||
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``` | ||
https://yourapp.com/...#access_token=<...>&refresh_token=<...>&... | ||
``` | ||
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The first access and refresh tokens after a successful verification are | ||
contained in the URL fragment (anything after the `#` sign) of the redirect | ||
location. This is intentional and not configurable. | ||
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The client libraries are designed to listen for this type of URL, extract | ||
the access token, refresh token and some extra information from it, and finally | ||
persist it in local storage for further use by the library and your app. | ||
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:::info | ||
Web browsers do not send the URL fragment to the server they're making the | ||
request to. Since you may not be hosting the single-page app on a server under | ||
your direct control (such as on GitHub Pages or other freemium hosting | ||
providers), we want to prevent hosting services from getting access to your | ||
user's authorization credentials by default. Even if the server is under your | ||
direct control, `GET` requests and their full URLs are often logged. This | ||
approach also avoids leaking credentials in request or access logs. | ||
::: | ||
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## Bringing it together | ||
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As seen from the authentication flow, the initial request after successful | ||
login made by the browser to your app's server after user login **does not | ||
contain any information about the user**. This is because first the client-side | ||
JavaScript library must run before it makes the access and refresh token | ||
available to your server. | ||
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It is very important to make sure that the redirect route right after login | ||
works without any server-side rendering. Other routes requiring authorization | ||
do not have the same limitation, provided you send the access and refresh | ||
tokens to your server. | ||
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This is traditionally done by setting cookies. Here's an example you | ||
can add to the root of your application: | ||
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```typescript | ||
supabase.auth.onAuthStateChange((event, session) => { | ||
if (event === "SIGNED_OUT" || event === "USER_DELETED") { | ||
// delete cookies on sign out | ||
const expires = new Date(0).toUTCString(); | ||
document.cookie = `my-access-token=; path=/; expires=${expires}; SameSite=Lax; secure`; | ||
document.cookie = `my-refresh-token=; path=/; expires=${expires}; SameSite=Lax; secure`; | ||
} else if (event === "SIGNED_IN" || event === "TOKEN_REFRESHED") { | ||
const maxAge = 100 * 365 * 24 * 60 * 60; // 100 years, never expires | ||
document.cookie = `my-access-token=${session.access_token}; path=/; max-age=${maxAge}; SameSite=Lax; secure`; | ||
document.cookie = `my-refresh-token=${session.refresh_token}; path=/; max-age=${maxAge}; SameSite=Lax; secure`; | ||
} | ||
}) | ||
``` | ||
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This uses the standard | ||
[`document.cookie` API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Document/cookie) | ||
to set cookies on all paths of your app's domain. All subsequent requests | ||
made by the browser to your app's server include the `my-access-token` and | ||
`my-refresh-token` cookies (the names of the cookies and additional | ||
parameters can be changed). | ||
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In your server-side rendering code you can now access user and session | ||
information: | ||
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```typescript | ||
const refreshToken = req.cookies['my-refresh-token']; | ||
const accessToken = req.cookies['my-access-token']; | ||
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if (refreshToken && accessToken) { | ||
await supabase.auth.setSession({ | ||
refresh_token: refreshToken, | ||
access_token: accessToken | ||
}); | ||
} else { | ||
// make sure you handle this case! | ||
throw new Error("User is not authenticated.") | ||
} | ||
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// returns user information | ||
await supabase.auth.getUser(); | ||
``` | ||
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Use `setSession({ access_token, refresh_token })` instead of | ||
`setSession(refreshToken)` or `getUser(accessToken)` as refresh tokens or access tokens alone do not properly identify a user session. | ||
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Access tokens are valid only for a short amount of time. | ||
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Even though refresh tokens are long-lived, there is no guarantee that a user | ||
has an active session. They may have logged out and your application failed to | ||
remove the `my-refresh-token` cookie, or some other failure occurred that left | ||
a stale refresh token in the browser. Furthermore, a refresh token can only be | ||
used a few seconds after it was first used. Only use a refresh token if the | ||
access token is about to expire, which will avoid the introduction of difficult | ||
to diagnose logout bugs in your app. | ||
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A good practice is to handle unauthorized errors by deferring rendering the | ||
page in the browser instead of in the server. Some user information is | ||
contained in the access token though, so in certain cases, you may be able to | ||
use this potentially stale information to render a page. | ||
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## Frequently Asked Questions | ||
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### How do I make the cookies `HttpOnly`? | ||
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This is not necessary. Both the access token and refresh token are designed to | ||
be passed around to different components in your application. The browser-based | ||
side of your application needs access to the refresh token to properly maintain | ||
a browser session anyway. | ||
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### My server is getting invalid refresh token errors. What's going on? | ||
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It is likely that the refresh token sent from the browser to your server is | ||
stale. Make sure the `onAuthStateChange` listener callback is free of bugs and | ||
is registered relatively early in your application's lifetime. | ||
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When you receive this error on the server-side, try to defer | ||
rendering to the browser where the client library can access an up-to-date | ||
refresh token and present the user with a better experience. | ||
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### Should I set a shorter `Max-Age` parameter on the cookies? | ||
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The `Max-Age` or `Expires` cookie parameters only control whether the browser | ||
sends the value to the server. Since a refresh token represents the | ||
long-lived authentication session of the user on that browser, setting a short | ||
`Max-Age` or `Expires` parameter on the cookies only results in a degraded | ||
user experience. | ||
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The only way to ensure that a user has logged out or their session has ended | ||
is to get the user's details with `getUser()`. | ||
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### What should I use for the `SameSite` property? | ||
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Make sure you [understand the behavior of the property in different | ||
situations](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Set-Cookie/SameSite) | ||
as some properties can degrade the user experience. | ||
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A good default is to use `Lax` which sends cookies when users are | ||
navigating to your site. Cookies typically require the `Secure` attribute, | ||
which only sends them over HTTPS. However, this can be a problem when | ||
developing on `localhost`. | ||
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### Can I use server-side rendering with a CDN or cache? | ||
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Yes, but you need to be careful to include at least the refresh token cookie | ||
value in the cache key. Otherwise you may be accidentally serving pages with | ||
data belonging to different users! | ||
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Also be sure you set proper cache control headers. We recommend invalidating | ||
cache keys every hour or less. |
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Successfully deployed to the following URLs:
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Successfully deployed to the following URLs:
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Successfully deployed to the following URLs:
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supabase-studio-staging.vercel.app