core/function: Fix regression in derivative (1.10 branch)

[oscarbenjamin]

References to other Issues or PRs

Same as #23162 but for the 1.10 branch.

Brief description of what is fixed or changed

Other comments

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#### References to other Issues or PRs
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Same as #23162 but for the 1.10 branch.


#### Brief description of what is fixed or changed


#### Other comments


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[github-actions]

Benchmark results from GitHub Actions

Lower numbers are good, higher numbers are bad. A ratio less than 1
means a speed up and greater than 1 means a slowdown. Green lines
beginning with + are slowdowns (the PR is slower then master or
master is slower than the previous release). Red lines beginning
with - are speedups.

Significantly changed benchmark results (PR vs master)

       before           after         ratio
     [b7f56b0a]       [bd490296]
-         202±4ms          132±2ms     0.65  sum.TimeSum.time_doit

Significantly changed benchmark results (master vs previous release)

       before           after         ratio
     [907895ac]       [b7f56b0a]
-         298±4ms          184±4ms     0.62  large_exprs.TimeLargeExpressionOperations.time_subs
-      19.8±0.6ms       13.1±0.6ms     0.66  matrices.TimeMatrixExpression.time_MatAdd_doit
-         279±5μs          127±2μs     0.46  matrices.TimeMatrixExpression.time_MatMul
-      18.4±0.4ms       9.75±0.1ms     0.53  matrices.TimeMatrixExpression.time_MatMul_doit
-      5.79±0.03s          418±5ms     0.07  polygon.PolygonArbitraryPoint.time_bench01
+     4.46±0.07ms       7.37±0.1ms     1.65  solve.TimeMatrixOperations.time_det(4, 2)
+      4.55±0.1ms       7.30±0.1ms     1.61  solve.TimeMatrixOperations.time_det_bareiss(4, 2)
+      49.0±0.7ms         89.1±1ms     1.82  solve.TimeMatrixSolvePyDySlow.time_linsolve(1)
+      52.9±0.9ms         88.1±2ms     1.66  solve.TimeMatrixSolvePyDySlow.time_solve(1)

Full benchmark results can be found as artifacts in GitHub Actions
(click on checks at the top of the PR).