FastPitch 1.1 for PyTorch

VTL Modification Examples:

VTL = 0.95

003_as_is_shown_by_the_report.mp4

004_even_the_caslon_type_when_enlarged.mp4

001_the_overwhelming_majority_of_people_in.mp4

002_if_somebody_did_that_to_me.mp4

VTL = 1.05

003_as_is_shown_by_the_report.mp4

004_even_the_caslon_type_when_enlarged.mp4

001_the_overwhelming_majority_of_people_in.mp4

002_if_somebody_did_that_to_me.mp4

VTL = 1.00

003_as_is_shown_by_the_report.mp4

004_even_the_caslon_type_when_enlarged.mp4

001_the_overwhelming_majority_of_people_in.mp4

002_if_somebody_did_that_to_me.mp4

Age Regression Examples

Very Young:

004_even_the_caslon_type_when_enlarged.mp4

001_the_overwhelming_majority_of_people_in.mp4

002_if_somebody_did_that_to_me.mp4

003_as_is_shown_by_the_report.mp4

Young:

004_even_the_caslon_type_when_enlarged.mp4

001_the_overwhelming_majority_of_people_in.mp4

002_if_somebody_did_that_to_me.mp4

003_as_is_shown_by_the_report.mp4

Old:

003_as_is_shown_by_the_report.mp4

004_even_the_caslon_type_when_enlarged.mp4

001_the_overwhelming_majority_of_people_in.mp4

002_if_somebody_did_that_to_me.mp4

Very Old:

003_as_is_shown_by_the_report.mp4

004_even_the_caslon_type_when_enlarged.mp4

001_the_overwhelming_majority_of_people_in.mp4

002_if_somebody_did_that_to_me.mp4

Table Of Contents

• Model overview
  • Model architecture
  • Default configuration
  • Feature support matrix
    • Features
  • Mixed precision training
    • Enabling mixed precision
    • Enabling TF32
  • Glossary
• Setup
  • Requirements
• Quick Start Guide
• Advanced
  • Scripts and sample code
  • Parameters
  • Command-line options
  • Getting the data
    • Dataset guidelines
    • Multi-dataset
  • Training process
  • Inference process
• Performance
  • Benchmarking
    • Training performance benchmark
    • Inference performance benchmark
  • Results
    • Training accuracy results
      • Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)
      • Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 16GB)
    • Training performance results
      • Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)
      • Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 16GB)
      • Expected training time
    • Inference performance results
      • Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)
      • Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (1x V100 16GB)
      • Inference performance: NVIDIA T4
• Release notes
  • Changelog
  • Known issues

Model overview

FastPitch is one of two major components in a neural, text-to-speech (TTS) system:

• a mel-spectrogram generator such as FastPitch or Tacotron 2, and
• a waveform synthesizer such as WaveGlow (see NVIDIA example code).

Such two-component TTS system is able to synthesize natural sounding speech from raw transcripts.

The FastPitch model generates mel-spectrograms and predicts a pitch contour from raw input text. In version 1.1, it does not need any pre-trained aligning model to bootstrap from. It allows to exert additional control over the synthesized utterances, such as:

• modify the pitch contour to control the prosody,
• increase or decrease the fundamental frequency in a naturally sounding way, that preserves the perceived identity of the speaker,
• alter the rate of speech,
• adjust the energy,
• specify input as graphemes or phonemes,
• switch speakers when the model has been trained with data from multiple speakers. Some of the capabilities of FastPitch are presented on the website with samples.

Speech synthesized with FastPitch has state-of-the-art quality, and does not suffer from missing/repeating phrases like Tacotron 2 does. This is reflected in Mean Opinion Scores (details).

Model	Mean Opinion Score (MOS)
Tacotron 2	3.946 ± 0.134
FastPitch 1.0	4.080 ± 0.133

The current version of the model offers even higher quality, as reflected in the pairwise preference scores (details).

Model	Average preference
FastPitch 1.0	0.435 ± 0.068
FastPitch 1.1	0.565 ± 0.068

The FastPitch model is based on the FastSpeech model. The main differences between FastPitch and FastSpeech are that FastPitch:

• no dependence on external aligner (Transformer TTS, Tacotron 2); in version 1.1, FastPitch aligns audio to transcriptions by itself as in One TTS Alignment To Rule Them All,
• explicitly learns to predict the pitch contour,
• pitch conditioning removes harsh sounding artifacts and provides faster convergence,
• no need for distilling mel-spectrograms with a teacher model,
• capabilities to train a multi-speaker model.

The FastPitch model is similar to FastSpeech2, which has been developed concurrently. FastPitch averages pitch/energy values over input tokens, and treats energy as optional.

FastPitch is trained on a publicly available LJ Speech dataset.

This model is trained with mixed precision using Tensor Cores on Volta, Turing, and the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architectures. Therefore, researchers can get results from 2.0x to 2.7x faster than training without Tensor Cores, while experiencing the benefits of mixed precision training. This model is tested against each NGC monthly container release to ensure consistent accuracy and performance over time.

Model architecture

FastPitch is a fully feedforward Transformer model that predicts mel-spectrograms from raw text (Figure 1). The entire process is parallel, which means that all input letters are processed simultaneously to produce a full mel-spectrogram in a single forward pass.

Figure 1. Architecture of FastPitch (source). The model is composed of a bidirectional Transformer backbone (also known as a Transformer encoder), a pitch predictor, and a duration predictor. After passing through the first *N* Transformer blocks, encoding, the signal is augmented with pitch information and discretely upsampled. Then it goes through another set of *N* Transformer blocks, with the goal of smoothing out the upsampled signal, and constructing a mel-spectrogram.

Default configuration

The FastPitch model supports multi-GPU and mixed precision training with dynamic loss scaling (see Apex code here), as well as mixed precision inference.

The following features were implemented in this model:

• data-parallel multi-GPU training,
• dynamic loss scaling with backoff for Tensor Cores (mixed precision) training,
• gradient accumulation for reproducible results regardless of the number of GPUs.

Pitch contours and mel-spectrograms can be generated on-line during training. To speed-up training, those could be generated during the pre-processing step and read directly from the disk during training. For more information on data pre-processing refer to Dataset guidelines and the paper.

Feature support matrix

The following features are supported by this model.

Feature	FastPitch
Automatic mixed precision (AMP)	Yes
Distributed data parallel (DDP)	Yes

Features

Automatic Mixed Precision (AMP) - This implementation uses native PyTorch AMP implementation of mixed precision training. It allows us to use FP16 training with FP32 master weights by modifying just a few lines of code.

DistributedDataParallel (DDP) - The model uses PyTorch Lightning implementation of distributed data parallelism at the module level which can run across multiple machines.

Mixed precision training

Mixed precision is the combined use of different numerical precisions in a computational method. Mixed precision training offers significant computational speedup by performing operations in half-precision format while storing minimal information in single-precision to retain as much information as possible in critical parts of the network. Since the introduction of Tensor Cores in Volta, and following with both the Turing and Ampere architectures, significant training speedups are experienced by switching to mixed precision -- up to 3x overall speedup on the most arithmetically intense model architectures. Using mixed precision training requires two steps:

1. Porting the model to use the FP16 data type where appropriate.
2. Adding loss scaling to preserve small gradient values.

The ability to train deep learning networks with lower precision was introduced in the Pascal architecture and first supported in CUDA 8 in the NVIDIA Deep Learning SDK.

For information about:

• How to train using mixed precision, see the Mixed Precision Training paper and Training With Mixed Precision documentation.
• Techniques used for mixed precision training, see the Mixed-Precision Training of Deep Neural Networks blog.
• APEX tools for mixed precision training, see the NVIDIA Apex: Tools for Easy Mixed-Precision Training in PyTorch.

Enabling mixed precision

For training and inference, mixed precision can be enabled by adding the --amp flag. Mixed precision is using native PyTorch implementation.

Enabling TF32

TensorFloat-32 (TF32) is the new math mode in NVIDIA A100 GPUs for handling the matrix math also called tensor operations. TF32 running on Tensor Cores in A100 GPUs can provide up to 10x speedups compared to single-precision floating-point math (FP32) on Volta GPUs.

TF32 Tensor Cores can speed up networks using FP32, typically with no loss of accuracy. It is more robust than FP16 for models which require high dynamic range for weights or activations.

For more information, refer to the TensorFloat-32 in the A100 GPU Accelerates AI Training, HPC up to 20x blog post.

TF32 is supported in the NVIDIA Ampere GPU architecture and is enabled by default.

Glossary

Character duration The time during which a character is being articulated. Could be measured in milliseconds, mel-spectrogram frames, etc. Some characters are not pronounced, and thus have 0 duration.

Fundamental frequency The lowest vibration frequency of a periodic soundwave, for example, produced by a vibrating instrument. It is perceived as the loudest. In the context of speech, it refers to the frequency of vibration of vocal chords. Abbreviated as f0.

Pitch A perceived frequency of vibration of music or sound.

Transformer The paper Attention Is All You Need introduces a novel architecture called Transformer, which repeatedly applies the attention mechanism. It transforms one sequence into another.

Setup

The following section lists the requirements that you need to meet in order to start training the FastPitch model.

Requirements

This repository contains Dockerfile which extends the PyTorch NGC container and encapsulates some dependencies. Aside from these dependencies, ensure you have the following components:

• NVIDIA Docker
• PyTorch 21.05-py3 NGC container or newer
• supported GPUs:
  • NVIDIA Volta architecture
  • NVIDIA Turing architecture
  • NVIDIA Ampere architecture

For more information about how to get started with NGC containers, see the following sections from the NVIDIA GPU Cloud Documentation and the Deep Learning Documentation:

• Getting Started Using NVIDIA GPU Cloud
• Accessing And Pulling From The NGC Container Registry
• Running PyTorch

For those unable to use the PyTorch NGC container, to set up the required environment or create your own container, see the versioned NVIDIA Container Support Matrix.

Quick Start Guide

To train your model using mixed or TF32 precision with Tensor Cores or using FP32, perform the following steps using the default parameters of the FastPitch model on the LJSpeech 1.1 dataset. For the specifics concerning training and inference, see the Advanced section. Pre-trained FastPitch models are available for download on NGC.

1. Clone the repository.

   git clone https://github.com/NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples.git
   cd DeepLearningExamples/PyTorch/SpeechSynthesis/FastPitch

2. Build and run the FastPitch PyTorch NGC container.

   By default the container will use all available GPUs.

   bash scripts/docker/build.sh
   bash scripts/docker/interactive.sh

3. Download and preprocess the dataset.

   Use the scripts to automatically download and preprocess the training, validation and test datasets:

   bash scripts/download_dataset.sh
   bash scripts/prepare_dataset.sh

   The data is downloaded to the ./LJSpeech-1.1 directory (on the host). The ./LJSpeech-1.1 directory is mounted under the /workspace/fastpitch/LJSpeech-1.1 location in the NGC container. The complete dataset has the following structure:

   ./LJSpeech-1.1
   ├── mels             # (optional) Pre-calculated target mel-spectrograms; may be calculated on-line
   ├── metadata.csv     # Mapping of waveforms to utterances
   ├── pitch            # Fundamental frequency countours for input utterances; may be calculated on-line
   ├── README
   └── wavs             # Raw waveforms

4. Start training.

   bash scripts/train.sh

   The training will produce a FastPitch model capable of generating mel-spectrograms from raw text. It will be serialized as a single .pt checkpoint file, along with a series of intermediate checkpoints. The script is configured for 8x GPU with at least 16GB of memory. Consult Training process and example configs to adjust to a different configuration or enable Automatic Mixed Precision.

5. Start validation/evaluation.

   Ensure your training loss values are comparable to those listed in the table in the Results section. Note that the validation loss is evaluated with ground truth durations for letters (not the predicted ones). The loss values are stored in the ./output/nvlog.json log file, ./output/{train,val,test} as TensorBoard logs, and printed to the standard output (stdout) during training. The main reported loss is a weighted sum of losses for mel-, pitch-, and duration- predicting modules.

   The audio can be generated by following the Inference process section below. The synthesized audio should be similar to the samples in the ./audio directory.

6. Start inference/predictions.

   To synthesize audio, you will need a WaveGlow model, which generates waveforms based on mel-spectrograms generated with FastPitch. By now, a pre-trained model should have been downloaded by the scripts/download_dataset.sh script. Alternatively, to train WaveGlow from scratch, follow the instructions in NVIDIA/DeepLearningExamples/Tacotron2 and replace the checkpoint in the ./pretrained_models/waveglow directory.

   You can perform inference using the respective .pt checkpoints that are passed as --fastpitch and --waveglow arguments:

   python inference.py \
       --cuda \
       --fastpitch output/<FastPitch checkpoint> \
       --energy-conditioning \
       --waveglow pretrained_models/waveglow/<WaveGlow checkpoint> \
       --wn-channels 256 \
       -i phrases/devset10.tsv \
       -o output/wavs_devset10

   The speech is generated from a file passed with the -i argument, with one utterance per line:

   `<output wav file name>|<utterance>`

To run inference in mixed precision, use the --amp flag. The output audio will be stored in the path specified by the -o argument. Consult the inference.py to learn more options, such as setting the batch size.

Advanced

The following sections provide greater details of the dataset, running training and inference, and the training results.

Scripts and sample code

The repository holds code for FastPitch (training and inference) and WaveGlow (inference only). The code specific to a particular model is located in that model’s directory - ./fastpitch and ./waveglow - and common functions live in the ./common directory. The model-specific scripts are as follows:

• <model_name>/model.py - the model architecture, definition of forward and inference functions
• <model_name>/arg_parser.py - argument parser for parameters specific to a given model
• <model_name>/data_function.py - data loading functions
• <model_name>/loss_function.py - loss function for the model

In the root directory ./ of this repository, the ./train.py script is used for training while inference can be executed with the ./inference.py script. The script ./models.py is used to construct a model of requested type and properties.

The repository is structured similarly to the NVIDIA Tacotron2 Deep Learning example, so that they could be combined in more advanced use cases.

Parameters

In this section, we list the most important hyperparameters and command-line arguments, together with their default values that are used to train FastPitch.

• --epochs - number of epochs (default: 1500)
• --learning-rate - learning rate (default: 0.1)
• --batch-size - batch size for a single forward-backward step (default: 16)
• --grad-accumulation - number of steps over which gradients are accumulated (default: 2)
• --amp - use mixed precision training (default: disabled)
• --load-pitch-from-disk - pre-calculated fundamental frequency values, estimated before training, are loaded from the disk during training (default: enabled)
• --energy-conditioning - enables additional conditioning on energy (default: enabled)
• --p-arpabet - probability of choosing phonemic over graphemic representation for every word, if available (default: 1.0)

Command-line options

To see the full list of available options and their descriptions, use the -h or --help command line option, for example:

python train.py --help

The following example output is printed when running the model:

DLL 2021-06-14 23:08:53.659718 - epoch    1 | iter   1/48 | loss 40.97 | mel loss 35.04 | kl loss 0.02240 | kl weight 0.01000 |    5730.98 frames/s | took 24.54 s | lrate 3.16e-06
DLL 2021-06-14 23:09:28.449961 - epoch    1 | iter   2/48 | loss 41.07 | mel loss 35.12 | kl loss 0.02258 | kl weight 0.01000 |    4154.18 frames/s | took 34.79 s | lrate 6.32e-06
DLL 2021-06-14 23:09:59.365398 - epoch    1 | iter   3/48 | loss 40.86 | mel loss 34.93 | kl loss 0.02252 | kl weight 0.01000 |    4589.15 frames/s | took 30.91 s | lrate 9.49e-06

Getting the data

The FastPitch and WaveGlow models were trained on the LJSpeech-1.1 dataset. The ./scripts/download_dataset.sh script will automatically download and extract the dataset to the ./LJSpeech-1.1 directory.

Dataset guidelines

The LJSpeech dataset has 13,100 clips that amount to about 24 hours of speech of a single, female speaker. Since the original dataset does not define a train/dev/test split of the data, we provide a split in the form of three file lists:

./filelists
├── ljs_audio_pitch_text_train_v3.txt
├── ljs_audio_pitch_text_test.txt
└── ljs_audio_pitch_text_val.txt

FastPitch predicts character durations just like FastSpeech does. FastPitch 1.1 aligns input symbols to output mel-spectrogram frames automatically and does not rely on any external aligning model. FastPitch training can now be started on raw waveforms without any pre-processing: pitch values and mel-spectrograms will be calculated on-line.

For every mel-spectrogram frame, its fundamental frequency in Hz is estimated with the Probabilistic YIN algorithm.

Figure 2. Pitch estimates for mel-spectrogram frames of phrase "in being comparatively" (in blue) averaged over characters (in red). Silent letters have duration 0 and are omitted.

Multi-dataset

Follow these steps to use datasets different from the default LJSpeech dataset.

1. Prepare a directory with .wav files.

   ./my_dataset
   └── wavs

2. Prepare filelists with transcripts and paths to .wav files. They define training/validation split of the data (test is currently unused):

   ./filelists
   ├── my-dataset_audio_text_train.txt
   └── my-dataset_audio_text_val.txt

   Those filelists should list a single utterance per line as:

   `<audio file path>|<transcript>`

   The <audio file path> is the relative path to the path provided by the --dataset-path option of train.py.

3. Run the pre-processing script to calculate pitch:

    python prepare_dataset.py \
        --wav-text-filelists filelists/my-dataset_audio_text_train.txt \
                             filelists/my-dataset_audio_text_val.txt \
        --n-workers 16 \
        --batch-size 1 \
        --dataset-path $DATA_DIR \
        --extract-pitch \
        --f0-method pyin

4. Prepare file lists with paths to pre-calculated pitch:

   ./filelists
   ├── my-dataset_audio_pitch_text_train.txt
   └── my-dataset_audio_pitch_text_val.txt

In order to use the prepared dataset, pass the following to the train.py script:

--dataset-path ./my_dataset` \
--training-files ./filelists/my-dataset_audio_pitch_text_train.txt \
--validation files ./filelists/my-dataset_audio_pitch_text_val.txt

Training process

FastPitch is trained to generate mel-spectrograms from raw text input. It uses short time Fourier transform (STFT) to generate target mel-spectrograms from audio waveforms to be the training targets.

The training loss is averaged over an entire training epoch, whereas the validation loss is averaged over the validation dataset. Performance is reported in total output mel-spectrogram frames per second and recorded as train_frames/s (after each iteration) and avg_train_frames/s (averaged over epoch) in the output log file ./output/nvlog.json. The result is averaged over an entire training epoch and summed over all GPUs that were included in the training.

The scripts/train.sh script is configured for 8x GPU with at least 16GB of memory:

--batch-size 16
--grad-accumulation 2

In a single accumulated step, there are batch_size x grad_accumulation x GPUs = 256 examples being processed in parallel. With a smaller number of GPUs, increase --grad_accumulation to keep this relation satisfied, e.g., through env variables

NUM_GPUS=1 GRAD_ACCUMULATION=16 bash scripts/train.sh

Inference process

You can run inference using the ./inference.py script. This script takes text as input and runs FastPitch and then WaveGlow inference to produce an audio file. It requires pre-trained checkpoints of both models and input text as a text file, with one phrase per line.

Pre-trained FastPitch models are available for download on NGC.

Having pre-trained models in place, run the sample inference on LJSpeech-1.1 test-set with:

bash scripts/inference_example.sh

Examine the inference_example.sh script to adjust paths to pre-trained models, and call python inference.py --help to learn all available options. By default, synthesized audio samples are saved in ./output/audio_* folders.

FastPitch allows us to linearly adjust the rate of synthesized speech like FastSpeech. For instance, pass --pace 0.5 for a twofold decrease in speed.

For every input character, the model predicts a pitch cue - an average pitch over a character in Hz. Pitch can be adjusted by transforming those pitch cues. A few simple examples are provided below.

Transformation	Flag	Samples
-	-	link
Amplify pitch wrt. to the mean pitch	--pitch-transform-amplify	link
Invert pitch wrt. to the mean pitch	--pitch-transform-invert	link
Raise/lower pitch by	--pitch-transform-shift <hz>	link
Flatten the pitch to a constant value	--pitch-transform-flatten	link
Change the rate of speech (1.0 = unchanged)	--pace <value>	link

The flags can be combined. Modify these functions directly in the inference.py script to gain more control over the final result.

You can find all the available options by calling python inference.py --help. More examples are presented on the website with samples.

Performance

Benchmarking

The following section shows how to run benchmarks measuring the model performance in training and inference mode.

Training performance benchmark

To benchmark the training performance on a specific batch size, run:

• NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)

      AMP=true NUM_GPUS=1 BS=32 GRAD_ACCUMULATION=8 EPOCHS=10 bash scripts/train.sh
      AMP=true NUM_GPUS=8 BS=32 GRAD_ACCUMULATION=1 EPOCHS=10 bash scripts/train.sh
      AMP=false NUM_GPUS=1 BS=32 GRAD_ACCUMULATION=8 EPOCHS=10 bash scripts/train.sh
      AMP=false NUM_GPUS=8 BS=32 GRAD_ACCUMULATION=1 EPOCHS=10 bash scripts/train.sh

• NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 16GB)

      AMP=true NUM_GPUS=1 BS=16 GRAD_ACCUMULATION=16 EPOCHS=10 bash scripts/train.sh
      AMP=true NUM_GPUS=8 BS=16 GRAD_ACCUMULATION=2 EPOCHS=10 bash scripts/train.sh
      AMP=false NUM_GPUS=1 BS=16 GRAD_ACCUMULATION=16 EPOCHS=10 bash scripts/train.sh
      AMP=false NUM_GPUS=8 BS=16 GRAD_ACCUMULATION=2 EPOCHS=10 bash scripts/train.sh

Each of these scripts runs for 10 epochs and for each epoch measures the average number of items per second. The performance results can be read from the nvlog.json files produced by the commands.

Inference performance benchmark

To benchmark the inference performance on a specific batch size, run:

• For FP16

  AMP=true BS_SEQUENCE=”1 4 8” REPEATS=100 bash scripts/inference_benchmark.sh

• For FP32 or TF32

  AMP=false BS_SEQUENCE=”1 4 8” REPEATS=100 bash scripts/inference_benchmark.sh

The output log files will contain performance numbers for the FastPitch model (number of output mel-spectrogram frames per second, reported as generator_frames/s w ) and for WaveGlow (number of output samples per second, reported as waveglow_samples/s). The inference.py script will run a few warm-up iterations before running the benchmark. Inference will be averaged over 100 runs, as set by the REPEATS env variable.

Results

The following sections provide details on how we achieved our performance and accuracy in training and inference.

Training accuracy results

Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)

Our results were obtained by running the ./platform/DGXA100_FastPitch_{AMP,TF32}_8GPU.sh training script in the 21.05-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs.

Loss (Model/Epoch)	50	250	500	750	1000	1250	1500
FastPitch AMP	3.35	2.89	2.79	2.71	2.68	2.64	2.61
FastPitch TF32	3.37	2.88	2.78	2.71	2.68	2.63	2.61

Training accuracy: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 16GB)

Our results were obtained by running the ./platform/DGX1_FastPitch_{AMP,FP32}_8GPU.sh training script in the PyTorch 21.05-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 8x V100 16GB GPUs.

All of the results were produced using the train.py script as described in the Training process section of this document.

Loss (Model/Epoch)	50	250	500	750	1000	1250	1500
FastPitch AMP	3.38	2.88	2.79	2.71	2.68	2.64	2.61
FastPitch FP32	3.38	2.89	2.80	2.71	2.68	2.65	2.62

Training performance results

Training performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB)

Our results were obtained by running the ./platform/DGXA100_FastPitch_{AMP,TF32}_8GPU.sh training script in the 21.05-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (8x A100 80GB) GPUs. Performance numbers, in output mel-scale spectrogram frames per second, were averaged over an entire training epoch.

Batch size / GPU	Grad accumulation	GPUs	Throughput - TF32	Throughput - mixed precision	Throughput speedup (TF32 to mixed precision)	Weak scaling - TF32	Weak scaling - mixed precision
32	8	1	97,735	101,730	1.04	1.00	1.00
32	2	4	337,163	352,300	1.04	3.45	3.46
32	1	8	599,221	623,498	1.04	6.13	6.13

Expected training time

The following table shows the expected training time for convergence for 1500 epochs:

Batch size / GPU	GPUs	Grad accumulation	Time to train with TF32 (Hrs)	Time to train with mixed precision (Hrs)	Speed-up with mixed precision
32	1	8	32.8	31.6	1.04
32	4	2	9.6	9.2	1.04
32	8	1	5.5	5.3	1.04

Training performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (8x V100 16GB)

Our results were obtained by running the ./platform/DGX1_FastPitch_{AMP,FP32}_8GPU.sh training script in the PyTorch 21.05-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX-1 with 8x V100 16GB GPUs. Performance numbers, in output mel-scale spectrogram frames per second, were averaged over an entire training epoch.

Batch size / GPU	GPUs	Grad accumulation	Throughput - FP32	Throughput - mixed precision	Throughput speedup (FP32 to mixed precision)	Strong scaling - FP32	Strong scaling - mixed precision
16	1	16	33,456	63,986	1.91	1.00	1.00
16	4	4	120,393	209,335	1.74	3.60	3.27
16	8	2	222,161	356,522	1.60	6.64	5.57

To achieve these same results, follow the steps in the Quick Start Guide.

Expected training time

The following table shows the expected training time for convergence for 1500 epochs:

Batch size / GPU	GPUs	Grad accumulation	Time to train with FP32 (Hrs)	Time to train with mixed precision (Hrs)	Speed-up with mixed precision
16	1	16	89.3	47.4	1.91
16	4	4	24.9	14.6	1.74
16	8	2	13.6	8.6	1.60

Note that most of the quality is achieved after the initial 1000 epochs.

Inference performance results

The following tables show inference statistics for the FastPitch and WaveGlow text-to-speech system, gathered from 100 inference runs. Latency is measured from the start of FastPitch inference to the end of WaveGlow inference. Throughput is measured as the number of generated audio samples per second at 22KHz. RTF is the real-time factor which denotes the number of seconds of speech generated in a second of wall-clock time, per input utterance. The used WaveGlow model is a 256-channel model.

Note that performance numbers are related to the length of input. The numbers reported below were taken with a moderate length of 128 characters. Longer utterances yield higher RTF, as the generator is fully parallel.

Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB)

Our results were obtained by running the ./scripts/inference_benchmark.sh inferencing benchmarking script in the 21.05-py3 NGC container on NVIDIA DGX A100 (1x A100 80GB) GPU.

Batch size	Precision	Avg latency (s)	Latency tolerance interval 90% (s)	Latency tolerance interval 95% (s)	Latency tolerance interval 99% (s)	Throughput (samples/sec)	Speed-up with mixed precision	Avg RTF
1	FP16	0.091	0.092	0.092	0.092	1,879,189	1.28	85.22
4	FP16	0.335	0.337	0.337	0.338	2,043,641	1.21	23.17
8	FP16	0.652	0.654	0.654	0.655	2,103,765	1.21	11.93
1	TF32	0.117	0.117	0.118	0.118	1,473,838	-	66.84
4	TF32	0.406	0.408	0.408	0.409	1,688,141	-	19.14
8	TF32	0.792	0.794	0.794	0.795	1,735,463	-	9.84

Inference performance: NVIDIA DGX-1 (1x V100 16GB)

Our results were obtained by running the ./scripts/inference_benchmark.sh script in the PyTorch 21.05-py3 NGC container. The input utterance has 128 characters, synthesized audio has 8.05 s.

Batch size	Precision	Avg latency (s)	Latency tolerance interval 90% (s)	Latency tolerance interval 95% (s)	Latency tolerance interval 99% (s)	Throughput (samples/sec)	Speed-up with mixed precision	Avg RTF
1	FP16	0.149	0.150	0.150	0.151	1,154,061	2.64	52.34
4	FP16	0.535	0.538	0.538	0.539	1,282,680	2.71	14.54
8	FP16	1.055	1.058	1.059	1.060	1,300,261	2.71	7.37
1	FP32	0.393	0.395	0.395	0.396	436,961	-	19.82
4	FP32	1.449	1.452	1.452	1.453	473,515	-	5.37
8	FP32	2.861	2.865	2.866	2.867	479,642	-	2.72

Inference performance: NVIDIA T4

Our results were obtained by running the ./scripts/inference_benchmark.sh script in the PyTorch 21.05-py3 NGC container. The input utterance has 128 characters, synthesized audio has 8.05 s.

Batch size	Precision	Avg latency (s)	Latency tolerance interval 90% (s)	Latency tolerance interval 95% (s)	Latency tolerance interval 99% (s)	Throughput (samples/sec)	Speed-up with mixed precision	Avg RTF
1	FP16	0.446	0.449	0.449	0.450	384,743	2.72	17.45
4	FP16	1.822	1.826	1.827	1.828	376,480	2.70	4.27
8	FP16	3.656	3.662	3.664	3.666	375,329	2.70	2.13
1	FP32	1.213	1.218	1.219	1.220	141,403	-	6.41
4	FP32	4.928	4.937	4.939	4.942	139,208	-	1.58
8	FP32	9.853	9.868	9.871	9.877	139,266	-	0.79

Release notes

We're constantly refining and improving our performance on AI and HPC workloads even on the same hardware with frequent updates to our software stack. For our latest performance data please refer to these pages for AI and HPC benchmarks.

Changelog

August 2021

• Improved quality of synthesized audio
• Added capability to automatically align audio to transcripts during training without a pre-trained Tacotron 2 aligning model
• Added capability to train on both graphemes and phonemes
• Added conditioning on energy
• Faster training recipe
• F0 is now estimated with Probabilistic YIN (PYIN)
• Updated performance tables
• Changed version of FastPitch from 1.0 to 1.1

October 2020

• Added multispeaker capabilities
• Updated text processing module

June 2020

• Updated performance tables to include A100 results

May 2020

• Initial release

Known issues

There are no known issues with this model with this model.