GitHub doesn't provide the job id anywhere so here's a simple action to get the job id for the current job.

Calling the action in the job you want to get the job id for. Provide an ID for the step so you can reference the output.

jobs:
  run:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: austenstone/job-id@v1
        id: job-id
      - run: echo $GITHUB_JOB_ID
        env:
          GITHUB_JOB_ID: ${{ steps.job-id.outputs.job-id }}

Various inputs are defined in action.yml:

To get more help on the Actions see documentation.