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2. licenses.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>LINGI2401 - 2. Licenses</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<style>
@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Yanone+Kaffeesatz);
@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Droid+Serif:400,700,400italic);
@import url(https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Ubuntu+Mono:400,700,400italic);
body { font-family: 'Droid Serif'; }
h1, h2, h3 {
font-family: 'Yanone Kaffeesatz';
font-weight: normal;
}
.remark-code, .remark-inline-code { font-family: 'Ubuntu Mono'; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<textarea id="source">
class: center, middle
# LINGI 2401 : Open Source strategy for software development
Lionel Dricot
lionel.dricot@uclouvain.be
lionel@ploum.net
@ploum - @ploum@mamot.fr
???
Good read for today : http://systematic-paris-region.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/LivretBleu_Juridique-2eEdition_GT-LogicielLibre_Systematic_Nov2016_web.pdf
---
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# One thing you learned from last week
???
Everybody should have a different one
---
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# What is a license ?
???
Let's try to define the concept together and reach a definition.
---
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#Let's put things in context
---
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#Sybaris Law
VIth century AD
???
First law about immaterial property, for recipes inventors (1 year). Before that, we don't have occurence of immaterial property. Does it even have a sense ?
---
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#Rival goods vs Non-rival goods
???
Economical concept.
If I take something, nobody loses it because of me (right to walk on a bridge, downloaded movie for instance)
---
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#The printing press
---
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#The copyright
???
At first: the king chose who had the right to print books, in order to censor it.
NB : the copyright is a censorship tool and was never designed to help the authors. It created a set of intermediaries which had plenty of power. The tool is for the intermediaries only.
Good read : https://questioncopyright.org/promise
---
class: center, middle
# Copyright vs Droits d'auteur
Economic and moral rights
???
Droits moraux et droits patrimoniaux
---
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#Tintin
???
Nick Rodwell
Read : https://falkvinge.net/2013/10/24/tintin-and-the-copyright-sharks/
---
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#Boléro de Ravel
Détentrice des droits en 2016 : la fille, issue d'un premier mariage, de la seconde femme du mari de la masseuse du frère de Maurice Ravel
???
Maurice Ravel meurt en 1937. Son seul héritier est son frère, Édouard. Celui-ci est victime d'un accident de voiture avec sa femme et a besoin d'une masseuse. La masseuse s'installe au domicile et son mari devient chauffeur du couple. La masseuse est héritière testamentaire. Elle organise son divorce pour se marier avec Édouard afin qu'on ne puisse pas discuter l'héritage. Mais Édouard meurt avant le mariage. Elle se remarie donc avec son mari. Avant de mourir. Le mari, ex-chauffeur, est donc le titulaire des droits du Boléro. S'ensuit 20 ans de procès avec des arrières petits-cousins de Maurice Ravel, subitement débarqués de Suisse, qui prétendent détenir les droits. Ils perdent. L'ancien chauffeur se remarie avant de mourir. Sa nouvelle femme avait une fille d'un premier mariage qui est la dernière héritière de Ravel, au moment où les droits tombent dans le domaine public, 70 ans après la mort de l'auteur. Le tout est principalement perçu par une société offshore qui a été montée par l'ancien directeur de la SACEM, qui a démissionné lorsqu'il a vu que le procès prenait une bonne tournure afin de devenir conseiller d'un seul client (l'ex-chauffeur). Notons que les héritiers du directeur de ballet et du chef décorateur ayant travaillé avec Ravel ont tenté d'empêcher l'élévation du Boléro dans le domaine public sous prétexte que c'était une œuvre commune.
---
class: center, middle
# Code is writing
- Copyright applies like any artistic creation
- Copyright is immediate (you only have to prove the creation time unlike patents and trademarks)
---
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# Patents
- No software patents in EU
- In theory…
???
Read : https://ploum.net/working-with-patents/#rev-pnote-1860-3
---
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- Abstract ideas and algorithms are, in theory, unprotectable
- Programming languages are not protectable
- UX is a graphical creation
---
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#Who's the author?
- Agreement between contributors, each is author of his/her lines
- Economic rights are usually transferred to the employer
- Authors keep their moral rights
- Diffusion under a given license is an economic right
???
One of the moral right is that each contributor have the right to see his name listed amongst the contributors.
———
class: center, middle
#When there's no employer?
- Open Source projects usually have Contributor Agreements
- Not really needed when there's no doubt about the intention of the contributor
???
For big projects, every contributor must sign a contributor agreement
---
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#License
"A license is a contract between the provider of the software and the user"
???
The provider is not the author but the one who have the economic right. In many cases, that is the employer.
---
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#Each software could have its own license
- But standardisation helps to clarify the use
- Software distributors are not lawyers
- A license might be illegal and thus invalid (hence the test in court)
???
If a license is tested as invalid in court, nobody can enforces it anymore
---
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#Free Software vs proprietary software
???
The difference is arbitrary but is only related to the license.
---
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#How to license a software?
???
Answer : you have to make sure that the user was informed of the license and could read it. That's why you often have those "I agree" boxes.
---
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Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
???
Header in each source code file. Also there's a COPYING or LICENSE file in every repository.
---
class: center, middle
#GPL
- Translating the values of Free Software into a license.
- By "forcing" liberties
---
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#Copyleft
???
Copyleft = cannot restrict the rights on a software that is modified or redistributed
---
class: center, middle
#Tivo and Tivoisation
- GPL version 3
- GPL v2+
???
Tivo was a television recorder using a modified linux in 2006. Source were distributed but a chip only allowed the orignial code to run. Thus, you could not run any modification of the code. Linus Torvalds doesn't care while, for stallman, this was unacceptable. GPLv3 prevents that.
2+ means that any subsequent version is accepted
---
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#LGPL
Weak Copyleft
???
Use of a free library (w/o modifying it) in a proprietary software is permitted
---
class: center, middle
#AGPL
Affero General Public License
???
Technically, the user of the software is the one who runs the server. With AGPL, rights are extended to web users as well. Any user of the online service has the right to the source code of the service.
---
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#MIT
No Copyleft
---
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#BSD
No Copyleft
???
Completely free to use, modify and redistribute parts or all of the software in free or proprietary software
---
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#Mozilla Public License
Middle-ground between BSD and GPL.
---
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#Apache
No Copyleft
---
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#Creative Commons
- By
- Share Alike
- No modification
- No commercial use
???
Started by Lawrence Lessig
By = author creditation
Not commercial is not very well formulated: at which point is it commercial or not?
Share-alike = copyleft
Few software are under CC. Mostly used for art, music, ...
---
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background-image: url(https://github.com/ploum/lingi2401/raw/master/images/cc.gif)
---
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#Many others
- WTFPL
- Beerware
- CeCILL
- Open Source Initiative (OSI) License Proliferation Committee
???
CeCILL is a french license. Its aim is to translate GPL and LGPL under french right
---
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DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 2, December 2004
Copyright (C) 2004 Sam Hocevar <sam@hocevar.net>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim or modified
copies of this license document, and changing it is allowed as long
as the name is changed.
DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. You just DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO.
---
class: center, middle
/*
* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
* "THE BEER-WARE LICENSE" (Revision 42):
* <phk@FreeBSD.ORG> wrote this file. As long as you retain this notice you
* can do whatever you want with this stuff. If we meet some day, and you think
* this stuff is worth it, you can buy me a beer in return. Poul-Henning Kamp
* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
---
class: center, middle
#Compatibility between licenses
- When do you have two different software?
---
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???
Image from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Classification_des_licences.svg
---
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#Dual licensing
???
It is possible for code to be under two licenses
---
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#StarOffice, OpenOffice
???
LGPL and Sun Industry Standards Source License. StarOffice was proprietary and for internal use and OpenOffice was free and for distribution. So when code was pushed, it was pushed into the two projects.
LibreOffice : LGPL and MPL
That's why some people refuse to sign contributor agreements.
---
class: center, middle
#Trilicensing
Mozilla is under MPL/LGPL/GPL
---
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#relicensing
React, Jest, Flow and Immutable.js switched from BSD + patent clause to MIT
???
In 2017, the apache foundation listed BSD+patent as a license that can't be included in Apache products. So the whole react project decided to switch to MIT. The BSD+patent is a BSD modified by Facebook so that people lose all license to Facebook owned patents if they ever sue Facebook about a patent.
https://code.facebook.com/posts/112130496157735/explaining-react-s-license/
https://ma.tt/2017/09/on-react-and-wordpress/
https://code.facebook.com/posts/300798627056246/relicensing-react-jest-flow-and-immutable-js/
https://www.apache.org/legal/resolved.html#category-x
---
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#The SCO troll (2003)
???
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCO–Linux_disputes
---
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#Trademark
---
class: center, middle
# Discussion time
</textarea>
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