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<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
<title>2 Features | Ecological Metadata Language (EML)</title>
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<meta property="og:title" content="2 Features | Ecological Metadata Language (EML)" />
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="2 Features | Ecological Metadata Language (EML)" />
<meta name="date" content="2019-08-12" />
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<div class="book without-animation with-summary font-size-2 font-family-1" data-basepath=".">
<div class="book-summary">
<nav role="navigation">
<ul class="summary">
<li><a href="./">EML Specification</a></li>
<li class="divider"></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html"><a href="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> EML: Ecological Metadata Language</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.1" data-path="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html"><a href="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html#getting-started"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.1</b> Getting Started</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.2" data-path="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html"><a href="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html#about-the-eml-project"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.2</b> About the EML Project</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.3" data-path="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html"><a href="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html#contributing"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.3</b> Contributing</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.4" data-path="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html"><a href="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html#history"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.4</b> History</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.5" data-path="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html"><a href="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html#older-versions-deprecated"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.5</b> Older versions (deprecated)</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.6" data-path="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html"><a href="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html#copyright-and-license"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.6</b> Copyright and License</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1.7" data-path="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html"><a href="eml-ecological-metadata-language.html#funding-and-acknowledgements"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1.7</b> Funding and Acknowledgements</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="features.html"><a href="features.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Features</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="contributors.html"><a href="contributors.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> Contributors</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="contributors.html"><a href="contributors.html#current-contributors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> Current contributors</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="contributors.html"><a href="contributors.html#past-contributors"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> Past contributors</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="whats-new-in-eml-2-2-0.html"><a href="whats-new-in-eml-2-2-0.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> What’s New in EML 2.2.0</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><a href="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> The EML Module and Resources</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><a href="the-eml-module-and-resources.html#the-eml-module---a-metadata-container"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> The eml module - A metadata container</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><a href="the-eml-module-and-resources.html#the-eml-resource-module---base-information-for-all-resources"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> The eml-resource module - Base information for all resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><a href="the-eml-module-and-resources.html#the-eml-dataset-module---dataset-specific-information"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> The eml-dataset module - Dataset specific information</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><a href="the-eml-module-and-resources.html#the-eml-literature-module---citation-specific-information"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> The eml-literature module - Citation-specific information</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.1" data-path="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><a href="the-eml-module-and-resources.html#eml-literature-module---literature-cited"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.1</b> eml-literature module - literature cited</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.2" data-path="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><a href="the-eml-module-and-resources.html#eml-literature-module---usage-citation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.2</b> eml-literature module - usage citation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4.3" data-path="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><a href="the-eml-module-and-resources.html#eml-literature-module---reference-publication"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4.3</b> eml-literature module - reference publication</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><a href="the-eml-module-and-resources.html#the-eml-software-module---software-specific-information"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> The eml-software module - Software specific information</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="the-eml-module-and-resources.html"><a href="the-eml-module-and-resources.html#the-eml-protocol-module---research-protocol-specific-information"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> The eml-protocol module - Research protocol specific information</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> Data Structure Modules</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html#the-eml-entity-module---entity-level-information-within-datasets"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> The eml-entity module - Entity level information within datasets</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html#the-eml-attribute-module---attribute-level-information-within-dataset-entities"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> The eml-attribute module - Attribute level information within dataset entities</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2.1" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html#philosophy-of-attribute-units"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2.1</b> Philosophy of Attribute Units</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.3" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html#the-eml-constraint-module---relationships-among-and-within-dataset-entities"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.3</b> The eml-constraint module - Relationships among and within dataset entities</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.4" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html#the-eml-datatable-module---logical-information-about-data-table-entities"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.4</b> The eml-dataTable module - Logical information about data table entities</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.5" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html#the-eml-spatialraster-module---logical-information-about-regularly-gridded-geospatial-image-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.5</b> The eml-spatialRaster module - Logical information about regularly gridded geospatial image data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.6" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html#the-eml-spatialvector-module---logical-information-about-non-gridded-geospatial-image-data"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.6</b> The eml-spatialVector module - Logical information about non-gridded geospatial image data</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.7" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html#schema-for-validating-spatial-referencing-descriptions"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.7</b> Schema for validating spatial referencing descriptions</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.8" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html#the-eml-storedprocedure-module---data-tables-resulting-from-procedures-stored-in-a-database"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.8</b> The eml-storedProcedure module - Data tables resulting from procedures stored in a database</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.9" data-path="data-structure-modules.html"><a href="data-structure-modules.html#the-eml-view-module---data-tables-resulting-from-a-database-query"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.9</b> The eml-view module - Data tables resulting from a database query</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html"><a href="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> Discovery and Interpretation Modules</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html"><a href="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html#the-eml-access-module---access-control-rules-for-resources"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> The eml-access module - Access control rules for resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html"><a href="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html#the-eml-physical-module---physical-file-format"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> The eml-physical module - Physical file format</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html"><a href="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html#the-eml-party-module---people-and-organization-information"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> The eml-party module - People and organization information</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html"><a href="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html#the-eml-coverage-module---geographic-temporal-and-taxonomic-extents-of-resources"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> The eml-coverage module - Geographic, temporal, and taxonomic extents of resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html"><a href="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html#the-eml-project-module---research-context-information-for-resources"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> The eml-project module - Research context information for resources</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html"><a href="discovery-and-interpretation-modules.html#the-eml-methods-module---methodological-information-for-resources"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> The eml-methods module - Methodological information for resources</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="utility-modules.html"><a href="utility-modules.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> Utility Modules</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="utility-modules.html"><a href="utility-modules.html#the-eml-text-module---text-field-formatting"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> The eml-text module - Text field formatting</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="utility-modules.html"><a href="utility-modules.html#the-eml-semantics-module---semantic-annotations-for-formalized-statements-about-eml-components"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> The eml-semantics module - Semantic annotations for formalized statements about EML components</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="validation-and-content-references.html"><a href="validation-and-content-references.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> Validation and Content references</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="validation-and-content-references.html"><a href="validation-and-content-references.html#validation-rules"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Validation rules</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="validation-and-content-references.html"><a href="validation-and-content-references.html#validation-algorithm"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Validation algorithm</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="validation-and-content-references.html"><a href="validation-and-content-references.html#content-references"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Content references</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="validation-and-content-references.html"><a href="validation-and-content-references.html#eml-validity-parser"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> EML Validity Parser</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.5" data-path="validation-and-content-references.html"><a href="validation-and-content-references.html#id-and-scope-examples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.5</b> id and Scope Examples</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> Semantic Annotation Primer</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#introduction"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Introduction</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.1" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#take-home-messages"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.1</b> Take-home messages</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1.2" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#organization-of-this-document"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1.2</b> Organization of this document</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#semantic-annotations-in-eml-2.2.0"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> Semantic Annotations in EML 2.2.0</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.1" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#annotation-element-structure"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.1</b> Annotation element structure</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.2" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#top-level-resource-entity-level-and-attribute-annotations"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.2</b> Top-level resource, entity-level, and attribute annotations</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.3" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#emlannotations-element-annotation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.3</b> <code>eml/annotations</code> element annotation</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2.4" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#emladditionalmetadata-element-annotation"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2.4</b> <code>eml/additionalMetadata</code> element annotation</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#appendix"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> Appendix</a><ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.1" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#semantic-triples"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.1</b> Semantic triples</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3.7" data-path="semantic-annotation-primer.html"><a href="semantic-annotation-primer.html#additional-background-information"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3.7</b> Additional background information</a></li>
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<h1>
<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">Ecological Metadata Language (EML)</a>
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<h1><span class="header-section-number">2</span> Features</h1>
<p>The architecture of EML was designed to serve the needs of the
research community, and has benefitted from previous work in other
related metadata languages. EML has adopted the strengths of many of
these languages, but also addresses a number of shortcomings that have
inhibited the automated processing and integration of dataset
resources via their metadata.</p>
<p>The following list represents some of the features of EML:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>Modularity: EML was designed as a collection of modules rather than
one large standard to facilitate future growth of the language in
both breadth and depth. By implementing EML with an extensible
architecture, groups may choose which of the core modules are
pertinent to describing their data, literature, and software
resources. Also, if EML falls short in a particular area, it may be
extended by creating a new module that describes the resource (
e.g. a detailed soils metadata profile that extends eml-dataset). The
intent is to provide a common set of core modules for information
exchange, but to allow for future customizations of the language
without the need of going through a lengthy approval process.</p></li>
<li><p>Detailed Structure: EML strives to balance the tradeoff of too much
detail with enough detail to enable advanced services in terms of
processing data through the parsing of accompanied metadata.
Therefore, a driving question throughout the design was: ‘Will this
particular piece of information be machine-processed, just human
readable, or both?’ Information was then broken down into more
highly structured elements when the answer involved machine
processing.</p></li>
<li><p>Compatibility: EML adopts much of it’s syntax from the other
metadata standards that have evolved from the expertise of groups in
other disciplines. Whenever possible, EML adopted entire trees of
information in order to facilitate conversion of EML documents into
other metadata languages. EML was designed with the following
standards in mind: Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, the Content
Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM from the
Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)), the
Biological Profile of the CSDGM (from the National Biological
Information Infrastructure), the International Standards
Organization’s Geographic Information Standard (ISO 19115), the ISO
8601 Date and Time Standard, the OpenGIS Consortiums’s Geography
Markup Language (GML), the Scientific, Technical, and Medical Markup
Language (STMML), and the Extensible Scientific Interchange Language
(XSIL).</p></li>
<li><p>Strong Typing: EML is implemented in an Extensible Markup Language
(XML) known as <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/Schema">XML Schema</a>, which is
a language that defines the rules that govern the EML syntax. XML
Schema is an internet recommendation from the <a href="http://www.w3.org">World Wide Web
Consortium</a>, and so a metadata document complies
with the syntax of EML will structurally meet the
criteria defined in the XML Schema documents for EML. Over and above
the structure (what elements can be nested within others,
cardinality, etc.), XML Schema provides the ability to use strong
data typing within elements. This allows for finer validation of the
contents of the element, not just it’s structure. For instance, an
element may be of type ‘date’, and so the value that is inserted
in the field will be checked against XML Schema’s definition of a
date. Traditionally, XML documents (including previous versions of
EML) have been validated against Document Type Definitions (DTDs),
which do not provide a means to employ strong validation on field
values through typing.</p></li>
<li><p>There is a distinction between the content model (i.e. the concepts
behind the structure of a document - which fields go where,
cardinality, etc.) and the syntactic implementation of that model
(the technology used to express the concepts defined in the content
model). The normative sections below define the content model and
the XML Schema documents distributed with EML define the syntactic
implementation. For the foreseeable future, XML Schema will be the
syntactic specification, although it is reasonable to create other
syntactic representations of the vocabularly, such as in JSON-LD or RDF.</p></li>
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