[R] Sanitizer failures with duration type

[asfimport]

After ARROW-14941, we are seeing sanitizer failures:

One example from the clang sanitizer:

SUMMARY: UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer: undefined-behavior /arrow/r/libarrow/arrow-6.0.1.9000/include/arrow/type.h:1192:40 in 
datatype.cpp:321:16: runtime error: member call on address 0x60800002d2b8 which does not point to an object of type 'arrow::TimeType'
0x60800002d2b8: note: object is of type 'arrow::DurationType'
 00 00 00 00  70 96 6b 36 43 7f 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  21 00 00 00
              ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
              vptr for 'arrow::DurationType'

https://dev.azure.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/_build/results?buildId=17171&view=logs&j=0da5d1d9-276d-5173-c4c4-9d4d4ed14fdb&t=d9b15392-e4ce-5e4c-0c8c-b69645229181&l=12824

One example from the gcc sanitizer:

datatype.cpp:321:20: runtime error: member call on address 0x607000071d10 which does not point to an object of type 'TimeType'
0x607000071d10: note: object is of type 'arrow::DurationType'
 01 00 00 00  48 19 19 23 8e 7f 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00  21 00 00 00
              ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
              vptr for 'arrow::DurationType'
 

https://dev.azure.com/ursacomputing/crossbow/_build/results?buildId=17153&view=logs&j=0da5d1d9-276d-5173-c4c4-9d4d4ed14fdb&t=d9b15392-e4ce-5e4c-0c8c-b69645229181&l=4602

Reporter: Jonathan Keane / @jonkeane
Assignee: Dewey Dunnington / @paleolimbot

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #11947

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-15096. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou:
Issue resolved by pull request 11947
#11947