About

Staccato is a server that enables browsing and search of geospatial assets like satellite imagery. It implements the SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) v1.0.0 standard and is backed by Elasticsearch. In addition to the core STAC catalog browsing and search functionality, it includes support for transactions, statistics, auto-generated schemas, gRPC endpoints and Kafka ingestion.

Staccato is built using the latest versions of Spring Boot and Spring WebFlux. The application is reactive, utilizing the Project Reactor library.

Staccato is available to preview at https://staccato.space/ and is browsable via the stac-browser at https://boundless.stac.cloud/

About the STAC Spec

The SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) specification aims to standardize the way geospatial assets are exposed online and queried. A 'spatiotemporal asset' is any file that represents information about the earth captured in a certain space and time. The initial focus is primarily remotely-sensed imagery (from satellites, but also planes, drones, balloons, etc), but the core is designed to be extensible to SAR, full motion video, point clouds, hyperspectral, LiDAR and derived data like NDVI, Digital Elevation Models, mosaics, etc.

For more see the STAC Spec github repo

Requirements

Building

Requires:

• maven 3.x

Example build command: mvn clean install

Additionally the docker image can be built from the staccato-application package using the command: mvn dockerfile:build

Running

• Requires Java 11, Elasticsearch 6.6

An Elasticsearch instance must be available. To run locally in a docker container, use:

docker run -d -p 9200:9200 -p 9300:9300 -e "discovery.roles=single-node" docker.elastic.co/elasticsearch/elasticsearch:6.6.0

Any of the following methods are acceptable ways of running Staccato

• ./staccato-{version}.jar (self executing jar)
• java -jar staccato-{version}.jar
• mvn spring-boot:run (from the staccato-application directory)
• docker run -d -i -t -p:8080:8080 quay.io/boundlessgeo/staccato:{version}

Endpoints

Stats Endpoints

• GET /stats - retrieves aggregations for all collections
• GET /stats/{collection_id} - retrieves aggregations for a specific collection

Schema Endpoints

• GET /schema - returns the STAC specification in JSON format
• GET /schema/{collection_id} - returns the JSON schema for the specified collection

Actuator Endpoints

• GET /actuator - returns a list of utility endpoints for the application

Configuration

The STAC API has several properties that are configurable from the command line, as environment properties in the application.yml file. The table below details the properties that are available for configuration.

Property	Default Value	Description
staccato.include-null-fieldsExtension	false	Determines whether fieldsExtension with null values should be serialized or excluded
staccato.generate-self-links	true	Determines whether self links are automatically generated for items
staccato.generate-thumbnail-links	true	Determines whether thumbnail links are automatically generated for items
staccato.async-bridge-thread-pool.max-threads	200	The size of the threadpool to be used for blocking async requests using the Elasticsearch REST client
staccato.async-bridge-thread-pool.daemon	true	false if the Scheduler requires an explicit Scheduler.dispose() to exit the VM
staccato.es.scheme	http	The scheme to be used for connection to Elasticsearch
staccato.es.host	localhost	The hostname of the Elasticsearch aggregationService
staccato.es.port	9200	The Elasticsearch aggregationService port
staccato.es.number-of-shards	5	The number of shards used when auto-initializing an Elasticsearch index
staccato.es.number-of-replicas	0	The number of replicas used when auto-initializing an Elasticsearch index
staccato.es.type	_doc	The Elasticsearch document type. It is not recommended to change this from its default value as "_doc" will be the only value supported in ES7
staccato.es.max-reconnection-attempts	10	The number of reconnection attempts to the Elasticsearch aggregationService
staccato.es.rest-client-max-connections-total	200	The Elasticsearch client threadpool size. This is the maximum number of connections a single STAC instance may have open to Elasticsearch.
staccato.es.rest-client-max-connections-per-route	200	The maximum number of Elasticsearch client connections per route.
staccato.es.rest-client-max-retry-timeout-millis	60000	The Elasticsearch client timeout value in milliseconds.
staccato.links.self.scheme	http	The scheme to be used when building self links for items
staccato.links.self.host	localhost	The host to be used when building self links for items
staccato.links.self.port	8080	The port to be used when building self links for items
staccato.links.self.context-path	/	The context path to be used when building self links for items
staccato.links.thumbnails.scheme	http	The scheme to be used when building thumbnail links for items
staccato.links.thumbnails.host	localhost	The host to be used when building thumbnail links for items
staccato.links.thumbnails.port	8080	The port to be used when building thumbnail links for items
staccato.links.thumbnails.context-path	/	The context path to be used when building thumbnail links for items
staccato.kafka.enabled	false	Setting value to true enables the kafka listener for adding items to the catalog
staccato.kafka.bootstrap-servers	localhost:9092	A list of Kafka bootstrap servers
staccato.kafka.group-id-config	stac-group	The Kafka group ID
staccato.kafka.client-id-config	stac-consumer	the Kafka client ID
staccato.kafka.auto-offset-reset-config	earliest	Used to set the start offset to the earliest or latest offset on the partition
staccato.kafka.topic	stac	The Kafka topic to listen on
staccato.grpc.port	9999	The listening port for incoming gRPC requests
staccato.rsocket.port	7000	The listening port for incoming RSocket requests

Additionally, Spring framework uses configuration properties for its configuration. While not exhaustive, Spring offers a list of commonly used configuration properties.

Passing in custom properties depends on how you are running STAC. Below are examples using java and maven from the command line:

Set the active profile:

• java: java -jar -Dstac.es.host=127.0.0.1 stac.jar
• maven: mvn spring-boot:run -Dstac.es.host=127.0.0.1

Set the server port:

• java: java -jar -Dserver.port=8081 stac.jar
• maven: mvn spring-boot:run -Dserver.port=8081

In addition, properties can be set via environment variables. The variable names should follow the following rules:

• Strictly use all uppercase
• Replace all periods in the property path with underscores
• Separate camelcase variables with underscore where the case changes

Example:

STAC Property Name	Environment Variable Name
test	TEST
server.port	SERVER_PORT
staccato.kafka.enabled	STACCATO_KAFKA_ENABLED
staccato.kafka.bootstrap-servers	STACCATO_KAFKA_BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS

Code

Spring Boot / WebFlux

Staccato is built using the latest versions of Spring Boot and Spring WebFlux. The codebase is written reactively, utilizing the Project Reactor library.

Filters

Staccato implements a concept called filters, which allows items to be modified or transformed during any/all of 3 different operations:

• index
• update
• search

Any Spring managed bean that implements one of these interfaces will be called during the corresponding event in the request lifecycle. An bean that implements ItemIndexFilter will be called before an item is indexed in Elasticsearch.
The update query will be called before an item is updated in Elasticsearch. The search query will be called after an item is retrieved from Elasticsearch.

Each query interface defines a method to return the list of item types that the query should be applied to, along with the actual doFilter method which does the actual work. The basic premise is that the doFilter method accepts an Item as input and returns an item as output. This can be used to automatically add data, remove data, or transform data. Several examples of some included filters can be found in the filter package. Collections can also provide custom
filters to accomplish various tasks, such as automatically generating links to related items based on values found in the item's properties.

Extensions and Collections

Overview

The STAC Item spec only has one requirement for item properties: to provide a datetime field. Properties specific to certain datasets or product types will be developed by the community as extensions and move through a series of maturity steps as outlined here. This STAC implementation was originally designed for internal use at Boundless Spatial and was intended to only offer only a small number of static collections. As such, it is not currently capable of providing a way to dynamically add or define collections. Adding such a capability may be a good idea for the future.

For each extension that has currently been proposed, the properties fieldsExtension defined by the extension are described in interfaces in the commons extension package. The extensions are defined as interfaces so that a mix of multiple extensions can be combined to create a set of heterogeneous properties for a collection.

Creating a new collection

Collections are currently defined in the staccato-collections module. When defining a new collection, you'll typically want to create at least 4 Java classes and one Spring auto-configuration file:

1. If you need to define more properties for your collection than are defined by the community in the commons extension package, you'll need to create an interface that defines all the getters and setters for your model, along with Jackson annotations to make sure the data is serialized/deserialized the way you want.
2. An implementation of your model. This implementation MUST also implement MandatoryProperties
3. An implementation of CollectionMetadata or simply extend CollectionMetadataAdapter.
4. A class annotated with @Configuration that creates 2 beans, both instances of your CollectionMetadata class. One bean is the the WFS3 collection and one is the STAC catalog. Yes, it seems silly, but there are differences per the spec (the collection is WFS3 compliant; the catalog enables STAC-specific capabilities, such as the traversing subcatalogs). It is important that when creating the collection bean, you set metadata.setCatalogType(CatalogType.COLLECTION); and when you create the catalog bean, you set metadata.setCatalogType(CatalogType.CATALOG);.
5. A spring.factories file in /src/main/resources/META-INF that points to your @Configuration class. This tells any Spring Boot application that uses this module as a dependency where to find the auto configuration class, even if component scanning isn't configured to scan your extension package path.

Notes on the CollectionMetadata class: The properties section in the collection endpoint can contain fieldsExtension/values that are shared amongst all items in your collection to avoid duplicating the data in every single item.

It is also important to note that this implementation currently relies on implementing the commons extension to provide the collection field in every item. Because each collection will have a different properties implementation that may implement several different extension interfaces or custom fieldsExtension, Jackson cannot deserialize Item classes without more information on which properties class to deserialize to. Having the "collections" field in each item provides an extremely convenient 1:1 relationship between the item and its properties implementation. The Jackson configuration for this can be found here.

Custom annotations

Staccato currently provides two custom annotations:

• @Mapping
• @Subcatalog

The @Mapping annotation allows you to define Elasticsearch mapping types that will be applied during automatic index creation. Set type type attribute to one of the enumerated values found in MappingType.

The @Subcatalog annotation, when applied to a getter interface method, will make that field eligible to be automatically subcataloged via the /stac/{catalog} endpoint. The catalog spec implementation will automatically detect methods with this annotation and build a subcatalog link containing the field name. That subcatalog will build links containing all unique values in Elasticsearch for that field. After all eligible subcatalog fieldsExtension have been traversed, the links section will be populated with links to all items that match the selected subcatalog values.

Elasticsearch

Automatic Initialization

NOTE THAT THIS CAPABILITY IS FOR DEMONSTRATION AND TESTING PURPOSES ONLY AND SHOULD NOT BE USED IN PRODUCTION.

STAC can automatically detect all defined collections and create initial Elasticsearch indexes and basic mappings so that no manual configuration of Elasticsearch (besides the actual endpoint) is needed.

Configure the Elasticsearch endpoint in application.yml or using the environment variable equivalents using the following properties:

• staccato.es.scheme
• staccato.es.host
• staccato.es.port
• staccato.es.user (optional)
• staccato.es.password (optional)

The automatic initializer will create a template containing a basic matching pattern, a read alias, and mappings, along with the initial index and write alias. This is a bit more robust of a configuration than simply creating a single index per collection and follows the pattern described below for production environments.

Production Environments

There are several considerations to that must be taken into account when configuring Elasticsearch for a production environment. It is important to note the following limitations and recommendations for Elasticsearch:

• Mappings are immutable. Once you define a mapping for a field, it cannot be changed. It is vital that you understand the various types of available mappings and carefully choose which mapping types to use for each field.
• The number of shards in an index cannot be changed. Elasticsearch recommends not exceeding a shard size of 50GB, both for performance reasons and for the ability to easily move shards around if necessary.
• When the shards of an index exceed the recommended size, it may be convenient to use the rollover API. If the name of the index ends in a number, the rollover API can automatically name the new indexes. By default, Elasticsearch will use a zero-padded number with a length of 6, so it may be wise to create all initial indices with the suffix -000001.

For a production environment, it is strongly recommended to configure Elasticsearch with the anticipation of using the rollover API. This helps future proof the configuration and provides you with options in the future if you find that your shard sizes have exceeded the recommended limit. A good plan for a production environment is as follows:

1. Never read or write directly to an index. Put all indices behind aliases. This allows you to easily reindex or point your alias to a different index with no disruption to the service.

2. For a given collection type, determine the desired number of shards, number of read replicas, index naming convention, and mappings for all properties. Using these values, create a template. There are 3 important things to consider when creating a template.

   1. Use the index pattern my-index-name-*. This means any index ever created that starts with my-index-name- will have this template with these mappings applied to it and will allow for rolling indices should the need ever arise.
   2. STAC should not talk directly to the index. Two aliases are actually required, the search alias and the write alias. you MUST use the pattern my-alias-name-search (important part being the -search at the end). All indices created with this template pattern will automatically be added to this alias group.
   3. Mappings - this will create all the of the mappings required for this index.

   Example curl command:

   curl -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" -T my-template.json http://localhost:9200/_template/my-template

3. Create the initial index, along with the write alias The actual index name should be named my-index-name-000001. That is, your index name, followed by a hyphen, followed by five zeros, followed by the number 1. The write alias is the same value used for the search alias in the template, minus the -search suffix.

   Example curl command:

   curl -X PUT -H "Content-Type: application/json" -T my-name-index.json http://localhost:9200/my-index-name-000001

4. When it's all said and done, you should be able to:

   1. Verify the template is created: http://localhost:9200/_template/my-template
   2. Verify the index is created: http://localhost:9200/_cat/indices?v
   3. Verify the aliases for the index: http://localhost:9200/_aliases
   4. Verify the mappings have been created for the index: http://localhost:9200/my-index-name-000001/

At this stage, you will have a read alias of my-index-name-search and a write alias of my-index-name. Both of these will point to the actual index of my-index-name-000001. A cron job can be created to continuously poll the rollover API on some interval. The request sent to the rollover API will contain the conditions that will need to be met for Elasticsearch to rollover the index. When the criteria has been met, Elasticsearch will automatically create a new index named my-index-name-000002. Because this name matches the pattern my-index-name-* that was established in our template, all of the shard, read replica, mapping, etc configuration will automatically be applied. In addition, the my-index-name write alias will automatically be changed to point to my-index-name-000002, and the search alias
my-index-name-search will add to its list. my-index-name-000002. When executing searches against the search alias my=index-name-search, Elasticsearch will return matches from both indexes, my-index-name-000001 and my-index-name-000002. The one important note: if a record needs to be updated, you need to first determine which actual index it belongs to and update it on that index.

STAC will need to be configured with the mappings between the Elasticsearch alias name and the collection ID (eg, the value used in the items.properties.collection field). This can be set in application.yml under the path stac.es.index.aliases. The key should be the name of the write alias used in Elasticsearch (not the actual index name!). The value should be the collection id. So in our example case, the key would be my-index-name and the value would be the collection ID. STAC will automatically append -search to the alias for executing searches.

At this point, you should be good to start inserting items. See the transaction API controller for the proper methods to use for creating new items.