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snowflake

GoDoc Go report Coverage Build Status Discord Gophers

snowflake is a Go package that provides

  • A very simple Twitter snowflake generator.
  • Methods to parse existing snowflake IDs.
  • Methods to convert a snowflake ID into several other data types and back.
  • JSON Marshal/Unmarshal functions to easily use snowflake IDs within a JSON API.
  • Monotonic Clock calculations protect from clock drift.

For help with this package or general Go discussion, please join the Discord Gophers chat server.

Status

This package should be considered stable and completed. Any additions in the future will strongly avoid API changes to existing functions.

ID Format

By default, the ID format follows the original Twitter snowflake format.

  • The ID as a whole is a 63 bit integer stored in an int64
  • 41 bits are used to store a timestamp with millisecond precision, using a custom epoch.
  • 10 bits are used to store a node id - a range from 0 through 1023.
  • 12 bits are used to store a sequence number - a range from 0 through 4095.

Custom Format

You can alter the number of bits used for the node id and step number (sequence) by setting the snowflake.NodeBits and snowflake.StepBits values. Remember that There is a maximum of 22 bits available that can be shared between these two values. You do not have to use all 22 bits.

Custom Epoch

By default this package uses the Twitter Epoch of 1288834974657 or Nov 04 2010 01:42:54. You can set your own epoch value by setting snowflake.Epoch to a time in milliseconds to use as the epoch.

Custom Notes

When setting custom epoch or bit values you need to set them prior to calling any functions on the snowflake package, including NewNode(). Otherwise the custom values you set will not be applied correctly.

How it Works.

Each time you generate an ID, it works, like this.

  • A timestamp with millisecond precision is stored using 41 bits of the ID.
  • Then the NodeID is added in subsequent bits.
  • Then the Sequence Number is added, starting at 0 and incrementing for each ID generated in the same millisecond. If you generate enough IDs in the same millisecond that the sequence would roll over or overfill then the generate function will pause until the next millisecond.

The default Twitter format shown below.

+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1 Bit Unused | 41 Bit Timestamp |  10 Bit NodeID  |   12 Bit Sequence ID |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Using the default settings, this allows for 4096 unique IDs to be generated every millisecond, per Node ID.

Getting Started

Installing

This assumes you already have a working Go environment, if not please see this page first.

go get github.com/bwmarrin/snowflake

Usage

Import the package into your project then construct a new snowflake Node using a unique node number. The default settings permit a node number range from 0 to 1023. If you have set a custom NodeBits value, you will need to calculate what your node number range will be. With the node object call the Generate() method to generate and return a unique snowflake ID.

Keep in mind that each node you create must have a unique node number, even across multiple servers. If you do not keep node numbers unique the generator cannot guarantee unique IDs across all nodes.

Example Program:

package main

import (
	"fmt"

	"github.com/bwmarrin/snowflake"
)

func main() {

	// Create a new Node with a Node number of 1
	node, err := snowflake.NewNode(1)
	if err != nil {
		fmt.Println(err)
		return
	}

	// Generate a snowflake ID.
	id := node.Generate()

	// Print out the ID in a few different ways.
	fmt.Printf("Int64  ID: %d\n", id)
	fmt.Printf("String ID: %s\n", id)
	fmt.Printf("Base2  ID: %s\n", id.Base2())
	fmt.Printf("Base64 ID: %s\n", id.Base64())

	// Print out the ID's timestamp
	fmt.Printf("ID Time  : %d\n", id.Time())

	// Print out the ID's node number
	fmt.Printf("ID Node  : %d\n", id.Node())

	// Print out the ID's sequence number
	fmt.Printf("ID Step  : %d\n", id.Step())

  // Generate and print, all in one.
  fmt.Printf("ID       : %d\n", node.Generate().Int64())
}

Performance

With default settings, this snowflake generator should be sufficiently fast enough on most systems to generate 4096 unique ID's per millisecond. This is the maximum that the snowflake ID format supports. That is, around 243-244 nanoseconds per operation.

Since the snowflake generator is single threaded the primary limitation will be the maximum speed of a single processor on your system.

To benchmark the generator on your system run the following command inside the snowflake package directory.

go test -run=^$ -bench=.

If your curious, check out this commit that shows benchmarks that compare a few different ways of implementing a snowflake generator in Go.