Update to Debian 12.4 and other updates

[Nuru]

what

• Update Google Cloud SDK from 455.0.0 to 463.0.0
• Update helm-diff from 3.8.1 to 3.9.4
• Updates to Debian-based Geodesic:
  • Update Debian from 11.8 to 12.4
  • Update Python from 3.11.6 to 3.12.2
  • Change architecture emulation message to inform user that native architecture is available
• Updates to Alpine-based Geodesic:
  • Update Alpine from 3.18.5 to 3.18.6
  • Add deprecation message to banner

why

• Reduce number of known vulnerabilities. See Upgrade Debian from bullseye to bookworm 12.4 #916
• Inform Alpine users that we will be discontinuing support soon

references

A trivy image scan of a development build of this PR showed zero known fixed vulnerabilities present in the Debian version. It detected 1 known fixed vulnerability in the Alpine version: the Google Cloud SDK includes Python packages that include cryptography v41.0.7, which has a vulnerability that has been fixed in the site-wide installed Python package, version 42.0.2.

• Supersedes and closes Upgrade Debian from bullseye to bookworm 12.4 #916