release-23.2: changefeedccl: redact user-sensitive info from SHOW JOBS output

[blathers-crl]

Backport 1/1 commits from #115535 on behalf of @wenyihu6.

/cc @cockroachdb/release

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Previously, SHOW CHANGEFEED JOB revealed sensitive user data like api_secret
for confluent cloud sinks. This patch now redacts api_secret, sasl_password,
client_cert, and ca_cert in the job description and sinkURI output column.

Fixes: #113503

Release note (enterprise change): SHOW CHANGEFEED JOB, SHOW CHANGEFEED JOBS,
and SHOW JOBS no longer expose user sensitive infromation(api_secret,
sasl_password, client_cert, and ca_cert) in the job description and
sinkURI output column would reveal sensitive user information (api_secret,
sasl_password, client_cert, ca_cert).

---

Release justification: low risk fix for a bug to redact user-sensitive info for SQL output

[blathers-crl]

Thanks for opening a backport.

Please check the backport criteria before merging:

• Backports should only be created for serious
  issues or test-only changes.
• Backports should not break backwards-compatibility.
• Backports should change as little code as possible.
• Backports should not change on-disk formats or node communication protocols.
• Backports should not add new functionality (except as defined
  here).
• Backports must not add, edit, or otherwise modify cluster versions; or add version gates.
• All backports must be reviewed by the owning areas TL and one additional
  TL. For more information as to how that review should be conducted, please consult the backport
  policy.

If your backport adds new functionality, please ensure that the following additional criteria are satisfied:

• There is a high priority need for the functionality that cannot wait until the next release and is difficult to address in another way.
• The new functionality is additive-only and only runs for clusters which have specifically “opted in” to it (e.g. by a cluster setting).
• New code is protected by a conditional check that is trivial to verify and ensures that it only runs for opt-in clusters. State changes must be further protected such that nodes running old binaries will not be negatively impacted by the new state (with a mixed version test added).
• The PM and TL on the team that owns the changed code have signed off that the change obeys the above rules.
• Your backport must be accompanied by a post to the appropriate Slack
  channel (#db-backports-point-releases or #db-backports-XX-X-release) for awareness and discussion.

Also, please add a brief release justification to the body of your PR to justify this
backport.

[cockroach-teamcity]

This change is 

[wenyihu6]

Failure of TestSessionProtectedTimestampReconciler on Extended CI seems to be a known flake - pinged this flake on https://cockroachlabs.slack.com/archives/C04U1BTF8/p1699648868852389. Should be good for review ^

[nicktrav]

EM LGTM ✅

[wenyihu6]

TFTRs!