Skip to content

Commit

Permalink
Improvements to interviews folder
Browse files Browse the repository at this point in the history
  • Loading branch information
davidmerfield committed Oct 29, 2020
1 parent 01b0619 commit 4a0dbc1
Show file tree
Hide file tree
Showing 9 changed files with 34 additions and 99 deletions.
89 changes: 10 additions & 79 deletions app/folders/interviews/2007-08-16/post.txt
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,44 +1,33 @@
Date: August 16, 2007
Title: Robert Cailliau
Tags: Engineer
Tags: Engineers

![](_Robert_Cailliau_OnDesk2.jpg)
# Robert Cailliau

Robert Cailliau in 1995.
Image: [CERN](http://www.cern.ch).
{<>} ![Robert Cailliau in 1995. Image: CERN](_Robert_Cailliau_OnDesk2.jpg)

The name [Robert Cailliau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau "w:Robert Cailliau") may not ring a bell to the general public, but his invention is the reason why you are reading this: Dr. Cailliau together with his colleague [Sir Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "w:Tim Berners-Lee") invented the [World Wide Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web "w:World Wide Web"), making the [internet](/wiki/Internet "Internet") accessible so it could grow from an academic tool to a mass communication medium. Last January Dr. Cailliau retired from [CERN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN "w:CERN"), the European particle physics lab where the WWW emerged.
The name [Robert Cailliau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau "w:Robert Cailliau") may not ring a bell to the general public, but his invention is the reason why you are reading this: Dr. Cailliau together with his colleague [Sir Tim Berners-Lee](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee "w:Tim Berners-Lee") invented the [World Wide Web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web "w:World Wide Web"), making the internet accessible so it could grow from an academic tool to a mass communication medium. Last January Dr. Cailliau retired from [CERN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CERN "w:CERN"), the European particle physics lab where the WWW emerged.

Wikinews offered the engineer a virtual beer from his native country [Belgium](/wiki/Belgium "Belgium"), and conducted an e-mail interview with him (which started about three weeks ago) about the history and the future of the web and his life and work.

**Wikinews**: At the start of this interview, we would like to offer you a fresh pint on a terrace, but since this is an e-mail interview, we will limit ourselves to a virtual beer, which you can enjoy [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nl:Afbeelding:Stella_Artois.JPG "w:nl:Afbeelding:Stella Artois.JPG").
**At the start of this interview, we would like to offer you a fresh pint on a terrace, but since this is an e-mail interview, we will limit ourselves to a virtual beer, which you can enjoy [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nl:Afbeelding:Stella_Artois.JPG "w:nl:Afbeelding:Stella Artois.JPG").**

**Robert Cailliau**: Yes, I myself once (at the 2nd international WWW Conference, [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago")) said that there is no such thing as a virtual beer: people will still want to sit together. Anyway, here we go.

Contents
--------

* [1 History of the WWW](#History_of_the_WWW)
* [2 Future of the WWW](#Future_of_the_WWW)
* [3 Final question](#Final_question)
* [4 External links](#External_links)
Yes, I myself once (at the 2nd international WWW Conference, [Chicago](/wiki/Chicago "Chicago")) said that there is no such thing as a virtual beer: people will still want to sit together. Anyway, here we go.

History of the WWW
------------------

**Wikinews**: Why did the WWW emerge at a particle physics lab such as CERN? What need did it serve the scientific community at its origin? Was the making of the WWW a case of the right time and the right place/circumstances for someone with the right IT knowledge?
**Wikinews: Why did the WWW emerge at a particle physics lab such as CERN? What need did it serve the scientific community at its origin? Was the making of the WWW a case of the right time and the right place/circumstances for someone with the right IT knowledge?**

**Robert Cailliau**: There were quite a number of hypertext systems around: the Microcosm, Hyper-G, [Gopher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_(protocol) "w:Gopher (protocol)"), even Xanadu. Everyone was experimenting. There were even two independent attempts inside CERN (Tim's and mine)! CERN is an infrastructure used by physicists from all kinds of universities who after their experiments at CERN go back to their institutes. A single experiment brings together many physicists from universities scattered over the globe. Obviously they stay in contact: they have been users of networks and computers for a long time.
Robert Cailliau: There were quite a number of hypertext systems around: the Microcosm, Hyper-G, Gopher, even Xanadu. Everyone was experimenting. There were even two independent attempts inside CERN (Tim's and mine)! CERN is an infrastructure used by physicists from all kinds of universities who after their experiments at CERN go back to their institutes. A single experiment brings together many physicists from universities scattered over the globe. Obviously they stay in contact: they have been users of networks and computers for a long time.

It's therefore not so surprising that we looked for a system that would allow such a group to consult documents without having to know where the author was or which of the different computers, operating systems, usernames or passwords was needed. There was a need for an automated library.

The two attempts at CERN were personal initiatives. When I learned that Tim wanted to use the internet and had made progress towards an implementation, I immediately teamed up with him. But it remained for quite a time a project that was looked at with some apprehension by CERN management.

It was partially the result of the right people in the right place, partially chance, but partially driven by a real need. And everything happened under the benevolent eyes of Mike Sendall, Tim's boss.

**Wikinews**: In the beginning, what challenges did you face inside and outside CERN in the development of this cutting-edge technology?
**In the beginning, what challenges did you face inside and outside CERN in the development of this cutting-edge technology?**

**Robert Cailliau**: A lot of incomprehension, later also some jealousy. And at the start it was difficult to convince the managers that it would grow into a useful tool.
A lot of incomprehension, later also some jealousy. And at the start it was difficult to convince the managers that it would grow into a useful tool.

There were a number of factors against us. First, the period of home-grown IT solutions was over. The trend was to buy off-the-shelf software.

Expand All @@ -50,20 +39,13 @@ Outside CERN there was a desert of hopelessly confused networking. Universities

I remember a funny exchange between a person from [Deutsche Telekom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom "w:Deutsche Telekom") and a group of academics at a conference: they complained about the costs and the slow links. The telecom person replied: "What do you want? We give you the best [X-25](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25 "w:X.25") lines and then you run [TCP/IP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite "w:Internet protocol suite") on top of that!" But we had no choice: TCP/IP was the only protocol usable with all universities of the world.

[![Cquote1.svg](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cquote1.svg/10px-Cquote1.svg.png)](/wiki/Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau "Wikinews interviews World Wide Web co-inventor Robert Cailliau")

**Sir, I hope you do not expect that France Telecom will support the internet ?**

[![Cquote2.svg](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Cquote2.svg/10px-Cquote2.svg.png)](/wiki/Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau "Wikinews interviews World Wide Web co-inventor Robert Cailliau")

—a representative of [France Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Telecom "w:France Telecom") to Robert Cailliau

At another occasion I asked a representative of [France Telecom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Telecom "w:France Telecom") for his e-mail address. He gave me an X-400 address and I asked for an internet address. He raised his eyebrows and said: "Monsieur, vous ne pensez quand-même pas que France Telecom va soutenir l'internet?" ("Sir, I hope you do not expect that France Telecom will support the internet?"). And all that happened when the web was already a success, though indeed only in the academic world. [File:Premier serveur Web.jpeg](/w/index.php?title=Special:Upload&wpDestFile=Premier_serveur_Web.jpeg "File:Premier serveur Web.jpeg")

[![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/ImageNA.svg/300px-ImageNA.svg.png)](/wiki/File:ImageNA.svg)

The first web server.
_(Image [missing](/wiki/Template:Missing_image/message "Template:Missing image/message") from commons: [image](/w/index.php?title=File:Premier_serveur_Web.jpeg&action=edit&redlink=1 "File:Premier serveur Web.jpeg (page does not exist)"); [log](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Log?page=Image%3APremier+serveur+Web.jpeg))_

**Wikinews**: Early browsers were web editors at the same time right? What browser do you use today? Does it have tabbed browsing? How does it compare to the early browsers you've worked with?

Expand Down Expand Up @@ -381,54 +363,3 @@ Do I spend a lot of time on the net? Well, "being on the net" is not an occupati
I devote time to a number of private projects that have been waiting for a long time and to the problems of education in scientific literacy.

R.

[![Wikinews](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Exclusive.png/100px-Exclusive.png)](/wiki/File:Exclusive.png "Wikinews")

This [exclusive interview](/wiki/Wikinews:Interview_highlights "Wikinews:Interview highlights") features [first-hand journalism](/wiki/Wikinews:Original_reporting "Wikinews:Original reporting") by a [Wikinews reporter](/wiki/Wikinews:Wikinewsies "Wikinews:Wikinewsies"). See the **[collaboration page](/wiki/Talk:Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau "Talk:Wikinews interviews World Wide Web co-inventor Robert Cailliau")** for more details.



Have an opinion on this story? [Share it!](/wiki/Comments:Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau "Comments:Wikinews interviews World Wide Web co-inventor Robert Cailliau")

External links
--------------

* [Robert Cailliau's website](http://robert.cailliau.free.fr/)

[![This article is a featured article.](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Current_Events_Barnstar.png/30px-Current_Events_Barnstar.png)](/wiki/Wikinews:Featured_articles "This article is a featured article.")

[![Wikinews](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Current_Events_Barnstar.png/100px-Current_Events_Barnstar.png)](/wiki/File:Current_Events_Barnstar.png "Wikinews")

This article is a **featured article**. It is considered one of the _best works_ of the Wikinews community. See [Wikinews:Featured articles](/wiki/Wikinews:Featured_articles "Wikinews:Featured articles") for more information.



[![Bookmark-new.svg](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bookmark-new.svg/25px-Bookmark-new.svg.png)](http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Social_bookmarks)

**Share this:**  [![E-mail this story](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Email.png)](mailto:?subject=Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau%20–%20Wikinews&body=Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau:%0Ahttps://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau%0A%0AFrom%20Wikinews,%20the%20free%20news%20source%20you%20can%20write! "E-mail this story") [![Share on Facebook](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikinews/en/5/55/Facebook.png)](http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau&t=Wikinews+interviews+World+Wide+Web+co-inventor+Robert+Cailliau+-+Wikinews "Share on Facebook") [![Share on reddit.com](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikinews/en/1/10/Reddit.png)](http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau&title=Wikinews+interviews+World+Wide+Web+co-inventor+Robert+Cailliau+-+Wikinews "Share on reddit.com") [![Share on LinkedIn.com](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Linkedin.svg/16px-Linkedin.svg.png)](http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau&title=Wikinews+interviews+World+Wide+Web+co-inventor+Robert+Cailliau+-+Wikinews "Share on LinkedIn.com") [![Share on twitter.com](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikinews/en/f/f7/Twitter.png)](http://twitter.com/?status=Look%20what%20I%20found%20on%20Wikinews%3A%20http%3A%2F%2Fenwn.net%2F%2B74961 "Share on twitter.com")



[![Padlock-silver-medium.svg](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Padlock-silver-medium.svg/40px-Padlock-silver-medium.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Padlock-silver-medium.svg)

**This page is [archived](/wiki/Wikinews:Archive_conventions "Wikinews:Archive conventions"), and is no longer publicly editable.**

Articles presented on Wikinews reflect the specific time at which they were written and published, and do not attempt to encompass events or knowledge which occur or become known after their publication.

Got a correction? Add the template {{[editprotected](/wiki/Template:Editprotected "Template:Editprotected")}} to the [talk page](/wiki/Talk:Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau "Talk:Wikinews interviews World Wide Web co-inventor Robert Cailliau") along with your corrections, and it will be [brought to the attention of](/wiki/Wikinews:Admin_action_alerts#Edits_to_protected_pages "Wikinews:Admin action alerts") the [administrators](/wiki/Wikinews:Administrators "Wikinews:Administrators").

Please note that due to our [archival policy](/wiki/Wikinews:ARCHIVE "Wikinews:ARCHIVE"), we will not alter or update the content of articles that are archived, but will only accept requests to make grammatical and formatting corrections.

Note that some listed sources or external links may no longer be available online due to age.

[![Padlock-silver-medium.svg](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Padlock-silver-medium.svg/40px-Padlock-silver-medium.svg.png)](/wiki/File:Padlock-silver-medium.svg)

**This page is [archived](/wiki/Wikinews:Archive_conventions "Wikinews:Archive conventions"), and is no longer publicly editable.**

Articles presented on Wikinews reflect the specific time at which they were written and published, and do not attempt to encompass events or knowledge which occur or become known after their publication.

Got a correction? Add the template {{[editprotected](/wiki/Template:Editprotected "Template:Editprotected")}} to the [talk page](/wiki/Talk:Wikinews_interviews_World_Wide_Web_co-inventor_Robert_Cailliau "Talk:Wikinews interviews World Wide Web co-inventor Robert Cailliau") along with your corrections, and it will be [brought to the attention of](/wiki/Wikinews:Admin_action_alerts#Edits_to_protected_pages "Wikinews:Admin action alerts") the [administrators](/wiki/Wikinews:Administrators "Wikinews:Administrators").

Please note that due to our [archival policy](/wiki/Wikinews:ARCHIVE "Wikinews:ARCHIVE"), we will not alter or update the content of articles that are archived, but will only accept requests to make grammatical and formatting corrections.

Note that some listed sources or external links may no longer be available online due to age.
6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions app/folders/interviews/2007-09-24/post.txt
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
Date: September 24, 2007
Title: Marcus du Sautoy
Tags: Mathematician
Tags: Mathematicians

# Marcus du Sautoy

[Marcus du Sautoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy "w:Marcus du Sautoy") is Professor of [Mathematics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics "w:Mathematics") at the [University of Oxford](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford "w:University of Oxford"). He is not only a researcher; he had great success with the popular book _[The Music of the Primes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Music_of_the_Primes "w:The Music of the Primes")_. His last book _Finding Moonshine_ will be published in [English](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language "w:English language") in February 2008. It has already been published in [Italian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language "w:Italian language") with the title _Il disordine perfetto_ ("The perfect disorder").

Expand Down
6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions app/folders/interviews/2007-09-27/post.txt
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
Title: John Vanderslice
Date: September 27, 2007
Tags: Musician
Tags: Musicians

# John Vanderslice

![](_John_Vanderslice_2_by_David_Shankbone.jpg)

Expand Down
5 changes: 3 additions & 2 deletions app/folders/interviews/2007-10-05/post.txt
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
Date: October 5, 2007
Tags: Psychiatrist
Title: Joseph Merlino
Tags: Psychiatrists

# Joseph Merlino

![](_Joseph_Merlino_by_David_Shankbone.jpg)

Expand Down
5 changes: 3 additions & 2 deletions app/folders/interviews/2007-10-06/post.txt
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
Title: Ru Paul
Tags: Entertainer
Tags: Entertainers

# Ru Paul

![](_RuPaul_by_David_Shankbone.jpg)

Expand Down
6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions app/folders/interviews/2007-10-07/post.txt
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
Title: Michael Musto
Tags: Journalist
Tags: Journalists

![](_Michael_Musto_cropped_by_David_Shankbone.jpg)
# Michael Musto

![](_Michael_Musto_cropped_by_David_Shankbone.jpg)

There are two things one can expect on a trip to see [Michael Musto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Musto "w:Michael Musto") at the offices of the _[Village Voice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Voice "w:Village Voice")_: a 20-minute round-trip wait for the elevator and rapid fire answers from one of the most recognizable gossip columnists in the United States. Musto, in addition to his appearances on _[Countdown with Keith Olbermann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countdown_with_Keith_Olbermann "w:Countdown with Keith Olbermann")_ and the [E!](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E! "w:E!") network, has been writing his column for the _Voice_ since 1984. He has recently compiled the best of them in a book released this year titled, _La Dolce Musto: Writings by the World's Most Outrageous Columnist_. He was [Carrie Bradshaw](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrie_Bradshaw "w:Carrie Bradshaw"), replete with a prodigious use of puns, before _[Sex in the City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_in_the_City "w:Sex in the City")_ was a thought. His column is a romp through his life, spats and opinions on socio-political issues. As David Thigpen of the _[Chicago Tribune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune "w:Chicago Tribune")_ wrote, Musto is "a funny and caustic [satirist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/satirist "w:satirist") who masquerades as a gossip and nightlife columnist."

Expand Down
6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions app/folders/interviews/2007-10-08/post.txt
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
Title: Alex Necochea and Bryn Bennett
Date: October 8, 2007
Tags: Musician
Tags: Musicians

# Alex Necochea and Bryn Bennett

When a fan connects with a band, it's often during moments like a drive down a highway at night reflecting on some aspect of his or her life; sitting at home after a fight with a girlfriend; singing in the shower; or celebrating at a party with her friends. Music becomes a soundtrack to an individual's life, and a connection with the musician forms when the listener is able to peg a perfect moment or feeling to a song. [Boston](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts "w:Boston, Massachusetts")\-based mega-member rock group [Bang Camaro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Camaro "w:Bang Camaro")'s fan base claims a different level of interaction: they often have _learned_ to play their music before they ever had a moment associated with it. Bang Camaro found fame on the video game _[Guitar Hero II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_Hero_II "w:Guitar Hero II")_, where an aspiring rock god uses a guitar-shaped peripheral to play rock music as notes scroll towards him on the screen.

Expand Down
5 changes: 3 additions & 2 deletions app/folders/interviews/2007-10-16/post.txt
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
Title: Sharin Foo
Tags: Musician
Tags: Musicians

# Sharin Foo

**Tuesday, October 16, 2007**

Expand Down
5 changes: 3 additions & 2 deletions app/folders/interviews/2007-10-18/post.txt
Original file line number Diff line number Diff line change
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
Title: John Reed
Tags: Writer
Tags: Writers

# John Reed

![](_John_Reed_2_by_David_Shankbone.jpg)

Expand Down

0 comments on commit 4a0dbc1

Please sign in to comment.