Add VirtualWire / RadioHead RH_ASK Protocol

[Mat931]

What does this implement/fix?

This PR adds support for transmitting and receiving VirtualWire / RH_ASK messages.
It can be used to send messages between Arduino and ESPHome devices via 433MHz / 868MHz / infrared / wire / etc.
This is a complete re-write of the protocol using the ESPHome remote_receiver and remote_transmitter.

Requires #4798

Transmitter documentation
Receiver documentation

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes esphome/esphome-core#160

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): esphome/esphome-docs#3022

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040

Example entry for config.yaml:

# Example config.yaml
external_components:
  - source: github://pr#4954
    components: [remote_base]
    refresh: always

remote_receiver:
  filter: 15us
  pin:
    number: 26
    mode:
      input: True
      pullup: True
    inverted: False
  dump: virtualwire
  on_virtualwire:
    then:

remote_transmitter:
  pin: 25
  carrier_duty_percent: 100

binary_sensor:
  - platform: gpio
    pin:
      number: 0
      inverted: true
    id: test
    filters:
      - delayed_on_off: 100ms
    on_press:
      - remote_transmitter.transmit_virtualwire:
          data: [0x00]
          speed: 2000

  - platform: remote_receiver
    name: "RX Test"
    virtualwire:
      data: [0x00]
      speed: 2000
    filters:
      delayed_off: 1s

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 54.14%. Comparing base (4d8b5ed) to head (a5229a4).
Report is 603 commits behind head on dev.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev    #4954      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   53.70%   54.14%   +0.43%     
==========================================
  Files          50       50              
  Lines        9408     9594     +186     
  Branches     1654     1691      +37     
==========================================
+ Hits         5053     5195     +142     
- Misses       4056     4073      +17     
- Partials      299      326      +27     

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