Shape Expressions Mapping Language (ShExML) is a DSL that offers a solution for mapping and merging heterogeneous data sources. As being based on ShEx the shape is the main foundation to define the transformations.
PREFIX : <http://example.com/>
SOURCE films_xml_file <https://rawgit.com/herminiogg/ShExML/master/src/test/resources/films.xml>
SOURCE films_json_file <https://rawgit.com/herminiogg/ShExML/master/src/test/resources/films.json>
ITERATOR film_xml <xpath: //film> {
FIELD id <@id>
FIELD name <name>
FIELD year <year>
FIELD country <country>
FIELD directors <directors/director>
}
ITERATOR film_json <jsonpath: $.films[*]> {
FIELD id <id>
FIELD name <name>
FIELD year <year>
FIELD country <country>
FIELD directors <director>
}
EXPRESSION films <films_xml_file.film_xml UNION films_json_file.film_json>
:Films :[films.id] {
:name [films.name] ;
:year [films.year] ;
:country [films.country] ;
:director [films.directors] ;
}
This example shows how to map and merge two files (in JSON and XML) with different films. In the first part, the
declarations, we can define some 'variables' that can be used inside the shapes. Prefixes used in the resulting RDF,
sources to the files, iterators and fields (queries) to be applied over the files and expressions to merge and transform the queries results.
Then, the shapes are defined as in ShEx but using the previously defined expressions or composing them inside the
square brackets. More complex example can be seen under the films.shexml file.
- XML support (using XPath queries)
- JSON support (using JSONPath queries)
- CSV and TSV support
- Relational databases, with following included drivers
- MySQL
- SQLite
- PostgreSQL
- MariaDB
- SQLServer
- Matchers
- Joins
- Named graphs
- Autoincrement ids
The full specification with all the supported features and examples can be consulted here.
A command line interface is offered under the jar library with the following options available:
Usage: ShExML [-hrsV] [-id] [-nu] [-rp] [-sh] [-shc] [-sm] [-d=<drivers>]
[-f=<format>] -m=<file> [-o=<output>] [-p=<password>]
[-u=<username>]
Map and merge heterogeneous data sources with a Shape Expressions based syntax
-d, --drivers=<drivers> Add more JDBC database drivers in the form of
<startJDBCURL>%<driver> and separating them with
";". Example: jdbc:postgresql%org.postgresql.
Driver;jdbc:oracle%oracle.jdbc.OracleDriver
-f, --format=<format> Output format for RDF graph. Turtle, RDF/XML,
N-Triples, ...
-h, --help Show this help message and exit.
-id, --inferenceDatatypes
Use the inference system for choosing the best
suited datatype for the generated literal.
Without this option, and not declaring a
datatype in the mapping rules, all the literals
will be outputted as strings
-m, --mapping=<file> Path to the file with the mappings
-nu, --normaliseURIs Activate the URI normalisation system which allows
to avoid malformed URIs when using strings for
URI creation
-o, --output=<output> Path where the output file should be created
-p, --password=<password> Password in case of using a database
-r, --rml Generate RML output
-rp, --rmlPrettified Generate RML output using Blank nodes for better
readability
-s, --shex Generate ShEx validation
-sh, --shacl Generate SHACL validation
-shc, --shaclClosed Generate SHACL validation with closed shapes as
default
-sm, --shapeMap Generate Shape Map for ShEx validation
-u, --username=<username> Username in case of using a database
-V, --version Print version information and exit.
Therefore, to execute the films example: java -jar shexml.jar -m films.shexml
ShExML is coded in Scala and, because of that, it can be used with JVM compatible languages. See the example below on how to use the programmatic API.
val file = scala.io.Source.fromFile(pathToFile).mkString
val mappingLauncher = new MappingLauncher()
val output = mappingLauncher.launchMapping(file, "TURTLE")
The minimal versions for this software to work are:
- JDK 8 (or the Open JDK 8)
- Scala 2.12.17
- SBT 1.7.2
A live playground is also offered online (http://shexml.herminiogarcia.com). However, due to hardware limitations it is not intended for intensive use.
This tool is part of a scientific project which has led to different publications. The main and preferred publication for citation is:
García-González, H., Boneva, I., Staworko, S., Labra-Gayo, J. E., & Lovelle, J. M. C. (2020).
ShExML: improving the usability of heterogeneous data mapping languages for first-time users.
PeerJ Computer Science, 6, e318. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.318
Other possible publications per topic are:
- Translation from ShExML to RML
García-González, H., & Dimou, A. (2022, September). Why to tie to a single data mapping language?
enabling a transformation from shexml to rml. In Proceedings of Poster and Demo Track and Workshop
Track of the 18th International Conference on Semantic Systems co-located with 18th International
Conference on Semantic Systems (SEMANTiCS 2022) (Vol. 3235, pp. paper-11). https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3235/paper11.pdf
- Addressing mapping challenges with ShExML
García-González, H. (2021, June). A ShExML perspective on mapping challenges: already solved ones,
language modifications and future required actions. In 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Graph
Construction co-located with 18th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2021), Online, June 6, 2021,
CEUR Workshop Proceedings (vol. 2873). http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2873/paper2.pdf
- Inception poster
Garcia-Gonzalez, H., Fernandez-Alvarez, D., & Gayo, J. E. L. (2018). ShExML: An Heterogeneous Data
Mapping Language based on ShEx. In EKAW (Posters & Demos) (pp. 9-12). https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2262/ekaw-poster-08.pdf
The library uses sbt as the package manager and building tool, therefore to compile the project you can use the following command:
$ sbt compile
To run the project from within sbt you can use the command below, where <options> can be replaced by the arguments explained in the CLI
$ sbt "run <options>"
To generate an executable JAR file you can call the following command. Take into account that if you want to test the library before
generating the artifact you need to set up the testing environment as explained in the Testing section and omit
the "set test in assembly := {}" option from the command.
$ sbt "set test in assembly := {}" clean update assembly
The project contains a full suite of tests that checks that all the features included in the engine work as expected. These tests units are included under the src/test/scala folder. To run them you can use the command below. Notice that it is of utmost importance to test that the project pass the test for all the cross-compiled versions used within the project (see the Cross-compilation section for more details.)
$ sbt test
The test environment uses some external resources that need to be set up before running them. This mainly involves starting a MySQL and a PostreSQL database, creating the relational schema and filling the tables up with the dummy data. This process is described on the Github workflow file.
The project is enabled to work with three different versions of Scala (i.e., 2.12.x, 2.13.x and 3.x) so it can be used across different Scala environments. Therefore, all the commands will work by default with the 3.x version but it is possible to run the same command for all the versions at the same time or just for one specific version. Below you can see how to do so with the test command.
Testing against all the cross-compiled versions:
$ sbt "+ test"
Testing against a specific version where is one of the configured versions in the build.sbt file:
$ sbt "++<version> test"
The following dependencies are used by this library:
| Dependency | License |
|---|---|
| org.antlr / antlr4 | BSD-3-Clause |
| net.sf.saxon / Saxon-HE | MPL-2.0 |
| org.apache.jena / jena-base | Apache License 2.0 |
| org.apache.jena / jena-core | Apache License 2.0 |
| org.apache.jena / jena-arq | Apache License 2.0 |
| org.apache.jena / jena-shacl | Apache License 2.0 |
| info.picocli / picocli | Apache License 2.0 |
| org.slf4j / slf4j-nop | MIT License |
| com.github.tototoshi / scala-csv | Apache License 2.0 |
| org.xerial / sqlite-jdbc | Apache License 2.0 |
| mysql / mysql-connector-java | GPL-v2 (Universal FOSS Exception v1) |
| org.postgresql / postgresql | BSD-2-Clause |
| org.mariadb.jdbc / mariadb-java-client | LGPL-2.1 |
| com.microsoft.sqlserver / mssql-jdbc | MIT License |
| com.github.vickumar1981 / stringdistance | Apache License 2.0 |
| com.typesafe.scala-logging / scala-logging | Eclipse Public License v1.0 or LGPL-2.1 |
| com.jayway.jsonpath / json-path | Apache License 2.0 |
| org.scala-lang / scala-reflect | Apache License 2.0 |
| org.scala-lang / scala-compiler | Apache License 2.0 |
For performing a more exhaustive licenses check, including subdependecies and testing ones the sbt-license-report plugin is included in the project, enabling the generation of a report with the command:
$ sbt dumpLicenseReport
The results are available, after the execution of this command, under the directory target/license-reports.