Add run_glue_tpu.py that trains models on TPUs (#3702)

* Initial commit to get BERT + run_glue.py on TPU

* Add README section for TPU and address comments.

* Cleanup TPU bits from run_glue.py (#3)

TPU runner is currently implemented in:
https://github.com/pytorch-tpu/transformers/blob/tpu/examples/run_glue_tpu.py.

We plan to upstream this directly into `huggingface/transformers`
(either `master` or `tpu`) branch once it's been more thoroughly tested.

* Cleanup TPU bits from run_glue.py

TPU runner is currently implemented in:
https://github.com/pytorch-tpu/transformers/blob/tpu/examples/run_glue_tpu.py.

We plan to upstream this directly into `huggingface/transformers`
(either `master` or `tpu`) branch once it's been more thoroughly tested.

* No need to call `xm.mark_step()` explicitly (#4)

Since for gradient accumulation we're accumulating on batches from
`ParallelLoader` instance which on next() marks the step itself.

* Resolve R/W conflicts from multiprocessing (#5)

* Add XLNet in list of models for `run_glue_tpu.py` (#6)

* Add RoBERTa to list of models in TPU GLUE (#7)

* Add RoBERTa and DistilBert to list of models in TPU GLUE (#8)

* Use barriers to reduce duplicate work/resources (#9)

* Shard eval dataset and aggregate eval metrics (#10)

* Shard eval dataset and aggregate eval metrics

Also, instead of calling `eval_loss.item()` every time do summation with
tensors on device.

* Change defaultdict to float

* Reduce the pred, label tensors instead of metrics

As brought up during review some metrics like f1 cannot be aggregated
via averaging. GLUE task metrics depends largely on the dataset, so
instead we sync the prediction and label tensors so that the metrics can
be computed accurately on those instead.

* Only use tb_writer from master (#11)

* Apply huggingface black code formatting

* Style

* Remove `--do_lower_case` as example uses cased

* Add option to specify tensorboard logdir

This is needed for our testing framework which checks regressions
against key metrics writtern by the summary writer.

* Using configuration for `xla_device`

* Prefix TPU specific comments.

* num_cores clarification and namespace eval metrics

* Cache features file under `args.cache_dir`

Instead of under `args.data_dir`. This is needed as our test infra uses
data_dir with a read-only filesystem.

* Rename `run_glue_tpu` to `run_tpu_glue`

Co-authored-by: LysandreJik <lysandre.debut@reseau.eseo.fr>

examples/README.md

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ pip install -r ./examples/requirements.txt
 | Section                    | Description                                                                                                                                                |
 |----------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 | [TensorFlow 2.0 models on GLUE](#TensorFlow-2.0-Bert-models-on-GLUE) | Examples running BERT TensorFlow 2.0 model on the GLUE tasks. |
+| [Running on TPUs](#running-on-tpus) | Examples on running fine-tuning tasks on Google TPUs to accelerate workloads. |
 | [Language Model training](#language-model-training) | Fine-tuning (or training from scratch) the library models for language modeling on a text dataset. Causal language modeling for GPT/GPT-2, masked language modeling for BERT/RoBERTa. |
 | [Language Generation](#language-generation) | Conditional text generation using the auto-regressive models of the library: GPT, GPT-2, Transformer-XL and XLNet. |
 | [GLUE](#glue) | Examples running BERT/XLM/XLNet/RoBERTa on the 9 GLUE tasks. Examples feature distributed training as well as half-precision. |
@@ -48,12 +49,54 @@ Quick benchmarks from the script (no other modifications):
 
 Mixed precision (AMP) reduces the training time considerably for the same hardware and hyper-parameters (same batch size was used).
 
+## Running on TPUs
+
+You can accelerate your workloads on Google's TPUs. For information on how to setup your TPU environment refer to this
+[README](https://github.com/pytorch/xla/blob/master/README.md).
+
+The following are some examples of running the `*_tpu.py` finetuning scripts on TPUs. All steps for data preparation are
+identical to your normal GPU + Huggingface setup.
+
+### GLUE
+
+Before running anyone of these GLUE tasks you should download the
+[GLUE data](https://gluebenchmark.com/tasks) by running
+[this script](https://gist.github.com/W4ngatang/60c2bdb54d156a41194446737ce03e2e)
+and unpack it to some directory `$GLUE_DIR`.
+
+For running your GLUE task on MNLI dataset you can run something like the following:
+
+```
+export XRT_TPU_CONFIG="tpu_worker;0;$TPU_IP_ADDRESS:8470"
+export GLUE_DIR=/path/to/glue
+export TASK_NAME=MNLI
+
+python run_glue_tpu.py \
+  --model_type bert \
+  --model_name_or_path bert-base-cased \
+  --task_name $TASK_NAME \
+  --do_train \
+  --do_eval \
+  --data_dir $GLUE_DIR/$TASK_NAME \
+  --max_seq_length 128 \
+  --train_batch_size 32 \
+  --learning_rate 3e-5 \
+  --num_train_epochs 3.0 \
+  --output_dir /tmp/$TASK_NAME \
+  --overwrite_output_dir \
+  --logging_steps 50 \
+  --save_steps 200 \
+  --num_cores=8 \
+  --only_log_master
+```
+
+
 ## Language model training
 
 Based on the script [`run_language_modeling.py`](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/master/examples/run_language_modeling.py).
 
-Fine-tuning (or training from scratch) the library models for language modeling on a text dataset for GPT, GPT-2, BERT and RoBERTa (DistilBERT 
-to be added soon). GPT and GPT-2 are fine-tuned using a causal language modeling (CLM) loss while BERT and RoBERTa 
+Fine-tuning (or training from scratch) the library models for language modeling on a text dataset for GPT, GPT-2, BERT and RoBERTa (DistilBERT
+to be added soon). GPT and GPT-2 are fine-tuned using a causal language modeling (CLM) loss while BERT and RoBERTa
 are fine-tuned using a masked language modeling (MLM) loss.
 
 Before running the following example, you should get a file that contains text on which the language model will be