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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<title>High Performance Browser Networking (O'Reilly)</title>
<meta name="description" content=
"What every web developer must know about mobile networks, protocols, and APIs provided by browser to deliver the best user experience.">
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"What every web developer must know about mobile networks, protocols, and APIs provided by browser to deliver the best user experience.">
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<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@igrigorik">
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"What every web developer must know about mobile networks, protocols, and APIs provided by browser to deliver the best user experience.">
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<header>
<div id="book-title">
<p><span><a href="/">hpbn.co</a></span>
</div>
<h1>High Performance<br>
Browser Networking</h1>
<p id="chapter">© Ilya Grigorik
</header>
<section>
<p>Performance is a feature. This book provides a hands-on overview of what
every web developer needs to know about the various types of networks (WiFi,
3G/4G), transport protocols (UDP, TCP, and TLS), application protocols
(HTTP/1.1, HTTP/2), and APIs available in the browser (XHR, WebSocket,
WebRTC, and more) to deliver the best—fast, reliable, and resilient—user
experience.
<aside>
<p class="rank">★★★★½ (463): <a href=
"http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17985198-high-performance-browser-networking#other_reviews">
GoodReads</a><a href=
"http://www.amazon.com/High-Performance-Browser-Networking-performance/dp/1449344763/">Amazon</a><a href="http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920028048.do">O'Reilly</a>
<blockquote>
<p>This book is required reading for anyone who cares about web
performance; it's already established as the go-to reference on the
topic.
<p data-type="attribution">—Mark Nottingham (IETF HTTPBis Chair)
</blockquote>
</aside>
</section>
<section id="toc">
<h2><a href="#toc" class="anchor">§</a>Table of Contents</h2>
<div class="toc">
</div>
<section>
<h3>Networking 101</h3>
<ol start="1">
<li>
<h4><a href="/primer-on-latency-and-bandwidth/">Primer on Latency and
Bandwidth</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-latency-and-bandwidth/#speed-is-a-feature">Speed Is a
Feature</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-latency-and-bandwidth/#the-many-components-of-latency">The
Many Components of Latency</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-latency-and-bandwidth/#speed-of-light-and-propagation-latency">
Speed of Light and Propagation Latency</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-latency-and-bandwidth/#last-mile-latency">Last-Mile
Latency</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-latency-and-bandwidth/#bandwidth-in-core-networks">Bandwidth
in Core Networks</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-latency-and-bandwidth/#bandwidth-at-the-network-edge">Bandwidth
at the Network Edge</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-latency-and-bandwidth/#delivering-higher-bandwidth-and-lower-latencies">
Delivering Higher Bandwidth and Lower Latencies</a>
</h5>
</ul>
<li>
<h4><a href="/building-blocks-of-tcp/">Building Blocks of TCP</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-tcp/#three-way-handshake">Three-Way
Handshake</a>
</h5>
<li>
<input id="expand-congestion-avoidance-and-control" type=
"checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-congestion-avoidance-and-control"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-tcp/#congestion-avoidance-and-control">Congestion
Avoidance and Control</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href="/building-blocks-of-tcp/#flow-control">Flow
Control</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-tcp/#slow-start">Slow-Start</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-tcp/#congestion-avoidance">Congestion
Avoidance</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-tcp/#bandwidth-delay-product">Bandwidth-Delay
Product</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-tcp/#head-of-line-blocking">Head-of-Line
Blocking</a>
</h5>
<li>
<input id="expand-optimizing-for-tcp" type="checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-optimizing-for-tcp"><span>+</span> <span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-tcp/#optimizing-for-tcp">Optimizing for
TCP</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-tcp/#tuning-server-configuration">Tuning
Server Configuration</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-tcp/#tuning-application-behavior">Tuning
Application Behavior</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-tcp/#performance-checklist">Performance
Checklist</a>
</h6>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>
<h4><a href="/building-blocks-of-udp/">Building Blocks of UDP</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href="/building-blocks-of-udp/#null-protocol-services">Null
Protocol Services</a>
</h5>
<li>
<input id="expand-udp-and-network-address-translators" type=
"checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-udp-and-network-address-translators"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-udp/#udp-and-network-address-translators">UDP
and Network Address Translators</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-udp/#connection-state-timeouts">Connection-State
Timeouts</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href="/building-blocks-of-udp/#nat-traversal">NAT
Traversal</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href="/building-blocks-of-udp/#stun-turn-and-ice">STUN,
TURN, and ICE</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/building-blocks-of-udp/#optimizing-for-udp">Optimizing for
UDP</a>
</h5>
</ul>
<li>
<h4><a href="/transport-layer-security-tls/">Transport Layer Security
(TLS)</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#encryption-authentication-and-integrity">
Encryption, Authentication, and Integrity</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/transport-layer-security-tls/#https-everywhere">HTTPS
Everywhere</a>
</h5>
<li>
<input id="expand-tls-handshake" type="checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-tls-handshake"><span>+</span> <span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href="/transport-layer-security-tls/#tls-handshake">TLS
Handshake</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#rsa-diffie-hellman-and-forward-secrecy">
RSA, Diffie-Hellman and Forward Secrecy</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#application-layer-protocol-negotiation-alpn">
Application Layer Protocol Negotiation (ALPN)</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#server-name-indication-sni">Server
Name Indication (SNI)</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<input id="expand-tls-session-resumption" type="checkbox">
<label for="expand-tls-session-resumption"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#tls-session-resumption">TLS Session
Resumption</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#session-identifiers">Session
Identifiers</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#session-tickets">Session
Tickets</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#chain-of-trust-and-certificate-authorities">
Chain of Trust and Certificate Authorities</a>
</h5>
<li>
<input id="expand-certificate-revocation" type="checkbox">
<label for="expand-certificate-revocation"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#certificate-revocation">Certificate
Revocation</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#certificate-revocation-list-crl">
Certificate Revocation List (CRL)</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#online-certificate-status-protocol-ocsp">
Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href="/transport-layer-security-tls/#ocsp-stapling">OCSP
Stapling</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#tls-record-protocol">TLS Record
Protocol</a>
</h5>
<li>
<input id="expand-optimizing-for-tls" type="checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-optimizing-for-tls"><span>+</span> <span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#optimizing-for-tls">Optimizing for
TLS</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#reduce-computational-costs">Reduce
Computational Costs</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#enable-1-rtt-tls-handshakes">Enable
1-RTT TLS Handshakes</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#optimize-connection-reuse">Optimize
Connection Reuse</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#leverage-early-termination">Leverage
Early Termination</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#configure-session-caching-and-stateless-resumption">
Configure Session Caching and Stateless Resumption</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#enable-tls-false-start">Enable
TLS False Start</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#optimize-tls-record-size">Optimize
TLS Record Size</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#optimize-the-certificate-chain">
Optimize the Certificate Chain</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#configure-ocsp-stapling">Configure
OCSP Stapling</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#enable-http-strict-transport-security-hsts">
Enable HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#enable-http-public-key-pinning-hpkp">
Enable HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP)</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#update-site-content-to-https">Update
Site Content to HTTPS</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#performance-checklist">Performance
Checklist</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/transport-layer-security-tls/#testing-and-verification">Testing
and Verification</a>
</h5>
</ul>
</ol>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Performance of Wireless Networks</h3>
<ol start="5">
<li>
<h4><a href="/introduction-to-wireless-networks/">Introduction to
Wireless Networks</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/introduction-to-wireless-networks/#ubiquitous-connectivity">Ubiquitous
Connectivity</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/introduction-to-wireless-networks/#types-of-wireless-networks">Types
of Wireless Networks</a>
</h5>
<li>
<input id="expand-performance-fundamentals-of-wireless-networks"
type="checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-performance-fundamentals-of-wireless-networks"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/introduction-to-wireless-networks/#performance-fundamentals-of-wireless-networks">
Performance Fundamentals of Wireless Networks</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/introduction-to-wireless-networks/#bandwidth">Bandwidth</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/introduction-to-wireless-networks/#signal-power">Signal
Power</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/introduction-to-wireless-networks/#modulation">Modulation</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/introduction-to-wireless-networks/#measuring-real-world-wireless-performance">
Measuring Real-World Wireless Performance</a>
</h5>
</ul>
<li>
<h4><a href="/wifi/">WiFi</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href="/wifi/#from-ethernet-to-a-wireless-lan">From Ethernet
to a Wireless LAN</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/wifi/#wifi-standards-and-features">WiFi Standards and
Features</a>
</h5>
<li>
<input id="expand-measuring-and-optimizing-wifi-performance" type=
"checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-measuring-and-optimizing-wifi-performance"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/wifi/#measuring-and-optimizing-wifi-performance">Measuring and
Optimizing WiFi Performance</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href="/wifi/#packet-loss-in-wifi-networks">Packet Loss
in WiFi Networks</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<input id="expand-optimizing-for-wifi-networks" type="checkbox">
<label for="expand-optimizing-for-wifi-networks"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href="/wifi/#optimizing-for-wifi-networks">Optimizing for
WiFi Networks</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href="/wifi/#leverage-unmetered-bandwidth">Leverage
Unmetered Bandwidth</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href="/wifi/#adapt-to-variable-bandwidth">Adapt to
Variable Bandwidth</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href="/wifi/#adapt-to-variable-latency">Adapt to
Variable Latency</a>
</h6>
</ul>
</ul>
<li>
<h4><a href="/mobile-networks/">Mobile Networks</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<input id="expand-brief-history-of-the-gs" type="checkbox">
<label for="expand-brief-history-of-the-gs"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href="/mobile-networks/#brief-history-of-the-gs">Brief
History of the G’s</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#first-data-services-with-2g">First Data
Services with 2G</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#3gpp-and-3gpp2-partnerships">3GPP and 3GPP2
Partnerships</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#evolution-of-3g-technologies">Evolution of
3G Technologies</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#imt-advanced-4g-requirements">IMT-Advanced
4G Requirements</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href="/mobile-networks/#long-term-evolution-lte">Long
Term Evolution (LTE)</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#hspa-is-leading-worldwide-4g-adoption">HSPA+
is Leading Worldwide 4G Adoption</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#building-for-the-multigeneration-future">Building
for the Multigeneration Future</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<input id="expand-device-features-and-capabilities" type=
"checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-device-features-and-capabilities"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#device-features-and-capabilities">Device
Features and Capabilities</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href="/mobile-networks/#user-equipment-category">User
Equipment Category</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<input id="expand-radio-resource-controller-rrc" type="checkbox">
<label for="expand-radio-resource-controller-rrc"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href="/mobile-networks/#radio-resource-controller-rrc">Radio
Resource Controller (RRC)</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#3g-4g-and-wifi-power-requirements">3G, 4G,
and WiFi Power Requirements</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href="/mobile-networks/#lte-rrc-state-machine">LTE RRC
State Machine</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#hspa-and-hspa-umts-rrc-state-machine">HSPA
and HSPA+ (UMTS) RRC State Machine</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#ev-do-cdma-rrc-state-machine">EV-DO (CDMA)
RRC State Machine</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#inefficiency-of-periodic-transfers">Inefficiency
of Periodic Transfers</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<input id="expand-end-to-end-carrier-architecture" type="checkbox">
<label for="expand-end-to-end-carrier-architecture"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#end-to-end-carrier-architecture">End-to-End
Carrier Architecture</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href="/mobile-networks/#radio-access-network-ran">Radio
Access Network (RAN)</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href="/mobile-networks/#core-network-cn">Core Network
(CN)</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#backhaul-capacity-and-latency">Backhaul
Capacity and Latency</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<input id="expand-packet-flow-in-a-mobile-network" type="checkbox">
<label for="expand-packet-flow-in-a-mobile-network"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#packet-flow-in-a-mobile-network">Packet Flow in
a Mobile Network</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href="/mobile-networks/#initiating-a-request">Initiating
a Request</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href="/mobile-networks/#inbound-data-flow">Inbound Data
Flow</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#heterogeneous-networks-hetnets">Heterogeneous
Networks (HetNets)</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/mobile-networks/#real-world-3g-4g-and-wifi-performance">Real-World
3G, 4G, and WiFi Performance</a>
</h5>
</ul>
<li>
<h4><a href="/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/">Optimizing for Mobile
Networks</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/#preserve-battery-power">Preserve
Battery Power</a>
</h5>
<li>
<input id=
"expand-eliminate-periodic-and-inefficient-data-transfers" type=
"checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-eliminate-periodic-and-inefficient-data-transfers"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/#eliminate-periodic-and-inefficient-data-transfers">
Eliminate Periodic and Inefficient Data Transfers</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/#eliminate-unnecessary-application-keepalives">
Eliminate Unnecessary Application Keepalives</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<input id="expand-anticipate-network-latency-overhead" type=
"checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-anticipate-network-latency-overhead"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/#anticipate-network-latency-overhead">
Anticipate Network Latency Overhead</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/#account-for-rrc-state-transitions">
Account for RRC State Transitions</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/#decouple-user-interactions-from-network-communication">
Decouple User Interactions from Network Communication</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/#design-for-variable-network-interface-availability">
Design for Variable Network Interface Availability</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/#burst-your-data-and-return-to-idle">
Burst Your Data and Return to Idle</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/#offload-to-wifi-networks">Offload
to WiFi Networks</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/optimizing-for-mobile-networks/#apply-protocol-and-application-best-practices">
Apply Protocol and Application Best Practices</a>
</h5>
</ul>
</ol>
</section>
<section>
<h3>HTTP</h3>
<ol start="9">
<li>
<h4><a href="/brief-history-of-http/">Brief History of HTTP</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/brief-history-of-http/#http-09-the-one-line-protocol">HTTP 0.9:
The One-Line Protocol</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/brief-history-of-http/#http10-rapid-growth-and-informational-rfc">
HTTP/1.0: Rapid Growth and Informational RFC</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/brief-history-of-http/#http11-internet-standard">HTTP/1.1:
Internet Standard</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/brief-history-of-http/#http2-improving-transport-performance">HTTP/2:
Improving Transport Performance</a>
</h5>
</ul>
<li>
<h4><a href="/primer-on-web-performance/">Primer on Web Performance</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-web-performance/#hypertext-web-pages-and-web-applications">
Hypertext, Web Pages, and Web Applications</a>
</h5>
<li>
<input id="expand-anatomy-of-a-modern-web-application" type=
"checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-anatomy-of-a-modern-web-application"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-web-performance/#anatomy-of-a-modern-web-application">Anatomy
of a Modern Web Application</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/primer-on-web-performance/#speed-performance-and-human-perception">
Speed, Performance, and Human Perception</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/primer-on-web-performance/#analyzing-the-resource-waterfall">Analyzing
the Resource Waterfall</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<input id=
"expand-performance-pillars-computing-rendering-networking" type=
"checkbox"> <label for=
"expand-performance-pillars-computing-rendering-networking"><span>+</span>
<span>-</span></label>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-web-performance/#performance-pillars-computing-rendering-networking">
Performance Pillars: Computing, Rendering, Networking</a>
</h5>
<ul>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/primer-on-web-performance/#more-bandwidth-doesnt-matter-much">
More Bandwidth Doesn’t Matter (Much)</a>
</h6>
<li>
<h6><a href=
"/primer-on-web-performance/#latency-as-a-performance-bottleneck">
Latency as a Performance Bottleneck</a>
</h6>
</ul>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-web-performance/#synthetic-and-real-user-performance-measurement">
Synthetic and Real-User Performance Measurement</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/primer-on-web-performance/#browser-optimization">Browser
Optimization</a>
</h5>
</ul>
<li>
<h4><a href="/http1x/">HTTP/1.X</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http1x/#benefits-of-keepalive-connections">Benefits
of Keepalive Connections</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http1x/#http-pipelining">HTTP Pipelining</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http1x/#using-multiple-tcp-connections">Using
Multiple TCP Connections</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http1x/#domain-sharding">Domain Sharding</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href=
"/http1x/#measuring-and-controlling-protocol-overhead">Measuring
and Controlling Protocol Overhead</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http1x/#concatenation-and-spriting">Concatenation and
Spriting</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http1x/#resource-inlining">Resource Inlining</a>
</h5>
</ul>
<li>
<h4><a href="/http2/">HTTP/2</a>
</h4>
<ul>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http2/#brief-history-of-spdy-and-http2">Brief History
of SPDY and HTTP/2</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http2/#design-and-technical-goals">Design and
Technical Goals</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http2/#binary-framing-layer">Binary Framing Layer</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http2/#streams-messages-and-frames">Streams,
Messages, and Frames</a>
</h5>
<li>
<h5><a href="/http2/#request-and-response-multiplexing">Request and