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NEWS
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-------------------------------------
CHANGES FROM PREVIOUS VERSIONS OF ZSH
-------------------------------------
Note also the list of incompatibilities in the README file.
Changes since 5.8
-----------------
The function command learnt a -T option to declare a function and enable
tracing for it simultaneously.
The option SHORT_REPEAT was added to enable the short syntax of
SHORT_LOOPS for the repeat command only. It is disabled by default.
The _arguments function now supports NUL-delimiting optargs in the
opt_args array via the -0 option. Developers of completion functions
should find this easier to handle reliably than the default
colon-delimiting behaviour.
The zsh/system module's `zsystem flock` command learnt an -i option to
set the wait interval used with -t. Additionally, -t now supports
fractional seconds.
The option CLOBBER_EMPTY was added to enable the overwrite behaviour
of CLOBBER for empty files only. It is disabled by default.
The compinit function learnt a -w option to explain why compdump runs.
The zsh/datetime module's strftime builtin learnt an -n option to omit
the trailing newline when printing a formatted time.
Changes from 5.7.1-test-3 to 5.8
--------------------------------
CVE-2019-20044: When unsetting the PRIVILEGED option, the shell sets its
effective user and group IDs to match their respective real IDs. On some
platforms (including Linux and macOS, but not FreeBSD), when the RUID and
EUID were both non-zero, it was possible to regain the shell's former
privileges by e.g. assigning to the EUID or EGID parameter. In the course
of investigating this issue, it was also found that the setopt built-in
did not correctly report errors when unsetting the option, which
prevented users from handling them as the documentation recommended.
setopt now returns non-zero if it is unable to safely drop privileges.
[ Reported by Sam Foxman <samfoxman320@gmail.com>. ]
Changes from 5.7.1 to 5.7.1-test-3
----------------------------------
The zsh/zutil module's zparseopts builtin learnt an -F option to abort
parsing when an unrecognised option-like parameter is encountered.
The zsh/files module gained a chmod builtin.
Several changes have been made to the way completion functions track
'precommands' (such as `command` and `env`) and determine whether the
command being completed for is a shell builtin. Developers of completion
functions may wish to familiarise themselves with `_normal -p` and
`_pick_variant -b`.
The option CD_SILENT was added to suppress all output from cd (whether
explicit or implicit with AUTO_CD). It is disabled by default.
The compadd builtin's -o option now takes an optional argument to
specify the order of completion matches. This affects the display
of candidate matches and the order in which they are selected when
cycling between them using menu completion.
The :h and :t modifiers in parameter expansion (if braces are present),
glob qualifiers and history expansion may take following decimal digit
arguments in order to keep that many leading or trailing path components
instead of the defaults of all but one (:h) and one (:t). In an absolute
path the leading '/' counts as one component.
The functions builtin gained a -c option to efficiently copy functions.
The zshmisc(1) manual page incorrectly stated that when 'exit' is used
in a `try' block inside a function, the corresponding `always' block will
be executed. The manual page has been corrected. The shell's behaviour
has not changed, but code such as the following:
.
f() { { exit } always { echo Hello world } }
.
should be changed either to use 'return' instead of 'exit', or to have
the try/always block outside of any function.
Changes from 5.6.2 to 5.7.1
---------------------------
There are only minor changes between 5.7 and 5.7.1.
Support for 24-bit true color terminals has been added. Hex triplets
can be used when specifying colours for prompts and line editor
highlighting. On 88 and 256 colour terminals, a new zsh/nearcolor module
allows colours specified with hex triplets to be matched against the
nearest available colour.
The zsh/datetime module's strftime builtin now accepts an argument
specifying the nanoseconds time component; both arguments can be omitted
to use the current time.
Changes from 5.6.1 to 5.6.2
---------------------------
Fix another SIGTTOU case.
Fix SIGWINCH being ignored when zsh is not in the foreground.
The release tarballs are now compressed using xz(1), whereas previously
both xz(1) and gzip(1) versions were available. If this gets in your way,
give us a shout.
Changes from 5.6 to 5.6.1
-------------------------
Fix packaging issue that broke runhelp.
Fix a regression with pipelines getting backgrounded and emitting SIGTTOU.
Changes from 5.5.1-test-2 to 5.6
--------------------------------
CVE-2018-0502: Data from the second line of a #! script file might be passed to
execve(). For example, in the following situation -
.
printf '#!foo\nbar' > baz
./baz
.
the shell might take "bar" rather than "foo" for the argv[0] to be passed to
execve(). [ Reported by Anthony Sottile and Buck Evan. ]
CVE-2018-13259: A shebang line longer than 64 characters would be truncated.
For example, in the following situation:
.
( printf '#!'; repeat 64 printf 'x'; printf 'y' ) > foo
./foo
.
the shell might execute x...x (64 repetitions) rather than x...xy (64 x's,
one y). [ Reported by Daniel Shahaf. ]
Changes from 5.5.1 to 5.5.1-test-2
----------------------------------
Non-stop IEEE 754 arithmetic support - Inf and NaN are now returned
from floating point operations where errors were printed before.
Inf and NaN are also recognised in arithmetic expressions.
In shell patterns, [[:blank:]] now honours the locale instead of
matching exclusively on space and tab, like for the other POSIX
character classes or for extended regular expressions.
The zsh/system module now provides the PID of the last process
substitution via $sysparams[procsubstpid].
Time formatting via the %D prompt escape now offers nanosecond
precision with the %. and %N format specifiers. Additionally,
nanosecond precision on file times is supported in the module
zsh/stat.
The zsh/mathfunc module now includes a log2() function.
The parameter ZLE_RECURSIVE has been added to indicate the
current ZLE recursion level.
Changes from 5.5 to 5.5.1
-------------------------
Apart from a fix for a configuration problem finding signal names from
(some) recent versions of glibc, there are only minor changes.
Changes from 5.4.2 to 5.5
-------------------------
The effect of the NO_INTERACTIVE_COMMENTS option extends into $(...) and
`...` command substitutions when used on the command line. Previously,
comments were always recognized within command substitutions unless the
comment character "#" was disabled via reset of $histchars.
An alternative assignment syntax for indicating indices for arrays
and keys for associative arrays:
typeset -a array=([1]=first [2]=second)
typeset -A assoc=([key1]=val1 [key2]=val2)
is allowed for compatibility with other shells. In the case of normal
arrays the new syntax can be mixed with the old.
The %E, %S, and %U TIMEFMT specifiers now support m and u prefixes
(e.g., %mE) to output times in milliseconds and microseconds,
respectively.
The option CHECK_RUNNING_JOBS was added to control whether zsh should
check for running jobs in addition to suspended ones with CHECK_JOBS.
It is enabled by default.
Changes from 5.3.1 to 5.4.2
---------------------------
There are only minor changes between 5.4 and 5.4.2.
The 'exec' and 'command' precommand modifiers, and options to them, are
now parsed after parameter expansion. Previously, both the modifier and
any options to it were parsed between alias expansion and parameter
expansion (see zshexpn(1)), so they could neither be quoted nor be the
result of parameter expansion. Examples: 's=command; $s -V ls' and
'\command -V ls' now work as expected.
Functions executed by ZLE widgets no longer have their standard input
closed, but redirected from /dev/null instead. That still guards
against user defined widgets inadvertently reading from the tty device.
There is an option WARN_NESTED_VAR, a companion to the existing
WARN_CREATE_GLOBAL that causes a warning if a function updates a
variable from an enclosing scope without using typeset -g. It can be
turned on for an individual function with "functions -W".
zmodload now has an option -s to be silent on a failure to find a module
but still print other errors.
The autoload builtin gained several new features to load functions from a
file path determined at the time of definition rather than at the time of
loading.
The zsh/parameter module now exposes the file paths associated with
shell functions via the parameters functions_source and
dis_functions_source.
Changes from 5.2 to 5.3.1
-------------------------
There are only minor compatibility fixes between 5.3 and 5.3.1.
It is possible to enable character width support for Unicode 9 by
configuring with `--enable-unicode9'; this compiles in some additional
tables. At some point this support may move into a module, in which
case the configure option will be changed to cause the module to be
permanently loaded. This option is not useful unless your terminal also
supports Unicode 9.
The new word modifier ':P' computes the physical path of the argument.
It is different from the existing ':a' modifier which always resolves
'/before/here/../after' to '/before/after', and differs from the
existing ':A' modifier which resolves symlinks only after 'here/..' is
removed, even when /before/here is itself a symbolic link. It is
recommended to review uses of ':A' and, if appropriate, convert them
to ':P' as soon as compatibility with 5.2 is no longer a requirement.
The output of "typeset -p" uses "export" commands or the "-g" option
for parameters that are not local to the current scope. Previously,
all output was in the form of "typeset" commands, never using "-g".
vi-repeat-change can repeat user-defined widgets if the widget calls
zle -f vichange.
The parameter $registers now makes the contents of vi register buffers
available to user-defined widgets.
New vi-up-case and vi-down-case builtin widgets bound to gU/gu (or U/u
in visual mode) for doing case conversion.
A new select-word-match function provides vim-style text objects with
configurable word boundaries using the existing match-words-by-style
mechanism.
Support for the conditional expression [[ -v var ]] to test if a
variable is set for compatibility with other shells.
The print and printf builtins have a new option -v to assign the output
to a variable. This is for bash compatibility but with the additional
feature that, for an array, a separate element is used each time the
format is reused.
New x: syntax in completion match specifications make it possible to
disable match specifications hardcoded in completion functions.
Changes from 5.1.1 to 5.2
-------------------------
The new module zsh/param/private can be loaded to allow the shell
to define parameters that are private to a function scope (i.e. are
not propagated to nested functions called within this function).
The parameter flag ${(P)...} is now more useful when it appears in
a nested expansion. For example,
typeset -A assoc=(one un two deux three trois)
name=assoc
print ${${(P)name}[one]}
now prints "un". In previous versions of the shell the value of the
substitution was fully expanded on return from ${(P)name}, making
associative array subscripting difficult. As a side effect, flags
for formatting appearing in the inner substitution now affect the
substitution of the name (into "assoc" in this case), which is not
normally useful: flags that should apply to the value must be in the
outer substitution.
The GLOB_STAR_SHORT option allows the pattern **/* to be shortened to
just ** if no / follows. so **.c searches recursively for a file whose
name has the suffix ".c".
The effect of the WARN_CREATE_GLOBAL option has been significantly
extended, so expect it to cause additional warning messages about
parameters created globally within function scope.
Paste highlighting (added in 5.1) is now enabled by default to signal
that accept-line hasn't occurred. Paste highlighting may be disabled
via
zle_highlight+=(paste:none)
. Disabling paste highlighting will retain the "bracketed paste"
behaviour, unless that is separately disabled via zle_bracketed_paste.
Changes from 5.1 to 5.1.1
-------------------------
5.1.1 is primarily a bug fix release; however, a few minor features were
added.
The ZLE variables YANK_ACTIVE, YANK_START and YANK_END have been added
and are useful for managing highlighting.
The zsh-specific pattern match range tests have been supplemented with
[:INCOMPLETE:] and [:INVALID:] to help detect the state of partially
read multibyte character strings.
Changes from 5.0.8 to 5.1
-------------------------
The builtins declare, export, local, readonly and typeset
now have corresponding reserved words. When used in
this form, the builtin syntax is extended so that assignments
following the reserved word are treated similarly to
assignments that appear at the start of the command line.
For example,
local scalar=`echo one word` array=(several words)
creates a local "scalar" containing the text "one word"
and an array "array" containing the words "several"
"words".
- The print builtin has new options -x and -X to expand tabs.
- Several new command completions and numerous updates to others.
- Options to "fc" to segregate internal and shared history.
- All emulations including "sh" use multibyte by default; several
repairs to multibyte handling.
- ZLE supports "bracketed paste" mode to avoid interpreting pasted
newlines as accept-line. Pastes can be highlighted for visibility
and to make it more obvious whether accept-line has occurred.
- Improved (though still not perfect) POSIX compatibility for getopts
builtin when POSIX_BUILTINS is set.
- New setopt APPEND_CREATE for POSIX-compatible NO_CLOBBER behaviour.
- Completion of date values now displays in a calendar format when
the complist module is available. Controllable by zstyle.
- New parameter UNDO_LIMIT_NO for more control over ZLE undo repeat.
- Several repairs/improvements to the contributed narrow-to-region
ZLE function.
- Many changes to child-process and signal handling to eliminate race
conditions and avoid deadlocks on descriptor and memory management.
- New builtin sysopen in zsh/system module for detailed control of
file descriptor modes.
Changes from 5.0.0 to 5.0.8
---------------------------
- Global aliases can be created for syntactic tokens such as command
separators (";", "&", "|", "&&", "||"), redirection operators, etc.
Use at your own risk! The POSIX_ALIASES option is interpreted more
strictly to prevent expansion of these and other alias names containing
quotes, glob metacharacters, parameter references, etc.
- There have been various further improvements to builtin handling
with the POSIX_BUILTINS option (off by default) for compatibility with
the POSIX standard.
- 'whence -v' is now more informative, and 'whence -S' shows you
how a full chain of symbolic links resolves to a command.
- The 'p' parameter flag now allows an argument to be specified
as a reference to a variable, e.g. ${(ps.$sep.)foo} to split $foo
on a string given by $sep.
- The option FORCE_FLOAT now forces variables, not just constants,
to floating point in arithmetic expressions.
- The type of an assignment in arithmetic expressions, e.g. the
type seen by the variable res in $(( res = a = b )), is now
more logical and C-like.
- The default binding of 'u' in vi command mode has changed to undo
multiple changes when invoked repeatedly. '^R' is now bound to redo
changes. To revert to toggling of the last edit use:
bindkey -a u vi-undo-change
- Compatibility with Vim has been improved for vi editing mode. Most
notably, Vim style text objects are supported and the region can be
manipulated with vi commands in the same manner as Vim's visual mode.
- Elements of the watch variable may now be patterns.
- The logic for retrying history locking has been improved.
- Some rationalisations have been made to the zsh/db/gdbm module that
should make it more useful and predictable in operation.
- Numeric constants encountered in mathematical expressions (but not other
contexts) can contain underscores as separators that will be ignored on
evaluation, as allowed in other scripting languages. For example,
0xFFFF_FFFF, or 3.141_592_654. From 5.0.6 this is also available
in output, e.g.
setopt cbases
zmodload zsh/mathfunc
print $(( [#16_4] 2**32 - 1 )) $(( [#_3] 4 * atan(1.0) ))
- "functions -T" turns on tracing for the specified function(s) only,
similar to "functions -t" except that tracing is turned off for any
functions called from the specified one(s) that don't also have the -t
or -T flag.
- The option FORCE_FLOAT has been added to force all arithmetic constants
to be treated as floating point. This is most useful locally within
functions or scripts performing floating point calculations.
- The default $fpath/$FPATH is now designed to include
/usr/local/share/zsh/site-functions unless the installer has
specifically decided to use another path, i.e. regardless of
the standard installation location. This directory does not need to
exist. Sites that set an explicit site directory can put that in
/etc/zshenv as before. The intention of the new path element is to
increase the likelihood that locally added functions can be found with
the shell running "out of the box", unless the shell has been
deliberately configured differently by the installer for some special
purpose.
- Individual pattern characters can be disabled. For example, to allow '^'
to be an ordinary character even if the option EXTENDED_GLOB is set, use
"disable -p '^'".
- The variable editing builtin vared can be given custom editing widgets
for initialisation and finishing.
- The line editor's capability for listening on file descriptors
additional to the terminal has been enhanced so that the handler for
such file descriptors can be a line editor widget. Previously the
handler always behaved as a standard shell function.
- Hooks for adding history (the function zshaddhistory and the
array zshaddhistory_functions) can return status 2 to indicate that
history is to be saved internally within the shell but not written.
- In file completion, the recursive-files style can be set to an array of
patterns to match against "$PWD/". In any matched location, it is
possible to complete files in arbitrarily deep subdirectories without
needing to type the directory prefix. See example in the zshcompsys
manual.
- The _user_expand completer now allows expansion functions in the
user-expand files to return a string in REPLY that will be used to name
the set of expansions returned.
- The parameter HISTORY_IGNORE may be set to a pattern which matches
lines in the internal history that are to be omitted from the history
file at file write time. This differs from history changes made in
the zshaddhistory hook or by the HIST_IGNORE_* options, all of which
take effect immediately on the internal history list itself.
- The parameter ZLE_RPROMPT_INDENT can be set to 0 to remove the space
before the right hand side of the screen (this causes problems with
some terminals). It is not special and is not set by default; the
effect in that case is as if it was 1, as in previous versions.
- If the option EXTENDED_GLOB is in effect, it is possible to force
globbing within conditional code using the [[ ... ]] syntax by flagging
that a certain string is a glob using the (#q) glob qualifier syntax.
The resulting glob is treated as a single argument. For example,
[[ -n *.c(#qN) ]] tests whether there are any .c files in the current
directory.
- In prompt strings, the %N(l.true.false) conditional (line length) and
the %N<..< and %N>..> truncation operators now accept negative values
of N, which count the remaining space to the opposite margin (positive
values of N still count the space used since the start of the prompt).
In PS1 and PROMPT, this counts to the right margin, whereas in RPS1 and
RPROMPT, it counts to the left margin (not to the opposite prompt).
- Also in prompt strings, %e or the equivalent test %(e..) are used to
output or test the execution / evaluation depth of a shell
construct within functions etc. This is useful in $PS4.
- Another new prompt feature is the %. escape within time strings, for
example %D{%H:%M:%S.%.}. It provides zero-padded decimal fractions of a
second; by default milliseconds are shown, but the number of digits may
be indicated from 1 to 6, e.g. "%6.". (Note this is part of the
extensions to strftime() formats rather than basic prompt escapes.)
- The operators :^ and :^^ in parameter substitution allow for array
zipping in the form ${name:^array}. With the :^ operator, all entries
in $name and $array will be output in alternating order. With :^ the
longer array is trimmed whereas the :^^ operator repeats the shorter
array enough to match the longer array.
- The value of $? when a job becomes stopped is now the signal number plus
128, for compatibility with other shells. Note that different operating
systems use different values e.g. for SIGTSTP, so it is not possible in
portable scripts to detect stopped jobs by comparing to a fixed number.
Also, the value of $pipestatus is now updated when a job stops, not just
when it exits.
- Redirections applied to function definitions take effect when the
function is executed, not when it is defined. Other shells already
work this way. For example,
fn() { echo hello } >~/logfile
Running fn writes "hello" to logfile. In older versions of the shell
it would create an empty file at the point of definition.
Changes between 4.2 and 5.0.0
-----------------------------
The following changes first appeared in the 4.3 series of releases;
see also the file Etc/NEWS-4.3.
Here is a summary of the most significant changes:
- Multibyte characters strings are supported throughout the shell.
Various options, editor features, and expansion flags have been
added to aid in using them.
- The following new options have appeared: COMBINING_CHARS,
DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD, HASH_EXECUTABLES_ONLY, HIST_FCNTL_LOCK,
HIST_LEX_WORDS, HIST_SAVE_BY_COPY, MULTIBYTE, NO_MULTI_FUNCDEF,
PATH_SCRIPT, POSIX_ALIASES, POSIX_CD, POSIX_JOBS, POSIX_STRINGS,
POSIX_TRAPS, PROMPT_SP, SOURCE_TRACE.
- Highlighting and colouring of the command line is supported.
- Job control is supported in non-interactive shells and subshells.
- The zshroadmap manual page provides a slightly more helpful
introduction to the shell manual than was previously available.
- There have been some notable enhancements to POSIX comptability
when the shell is in a corresponding emulation (e.g. "emulate sh").
Expansion (parameters, globbing, etc.) and redirection
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- The character group tests [[:IDENT:]], [[:IFS:]], [[:IFSSPACE:]],
[[:WORD:]] in patterns allow testing if a character can be
part of an identifier, is an IFS character, is an IFS whitespace
character, or is considered part of the word using the line editor's
logic based on the shell variable WORDCHARS.
- In extended globbing, "(#cN,M)" means "match the preceding group
at least N but no more than M times".
- The glob qualifier P can be used with an argument to add an extra
word before each glob match.
- The syntax ~[...] provides dynamic directory naming by means
of the shell function zsh_directory_name or associated hook functions.
This is useful for expanding paths with many variable components as
commonly found in software development.
- Parameter substitution has the ${NAME:OFFSET} and ${NAME:OFFSET:LENGTH}
syntax for compatibility with other shells (and zero-based indexing
is used to enhance compatibility). LENGTH may be negative to count
from the end.
- The arbitrary limit on parameter subscripts (262144) has been removed.
As it was not configurable and tested in an inconvenient place it
was deemed preferable to remove it completely. The limit was originally
introduced to prevent accidental creation of a large parameter array
by typos that generated assignments along the lines of "12345678=0".
The general advice is not to do that.
- The parameter substitution flag (D) abbreviates directories in parameters
using the familiar ~ form.
- The parameter substitution flag (g) can take delimited arguments o, e and
c to provide echo- and print-style expansion: (g::) provides basic
echo-style expansion; (g:e:) provides the extended capabilities of
print; (g:o:) provides octal escapes without a leading zero; (g:c:)
additionally expands "^c" style control characters as for bindkey.
Options may be combined, e.g. (g:eoc:).
- The parameter substitution flag (m) indicates that string lengths used
calculated by the (l) and (r) flags or the # operator should take
account of the printing width of characters in multibyte mode, whether
0, 1 or more. (mm) causes printing characters to count as 1 and
non-printing characters to count as 0.
- The parameter substitution flag (q-) picks the most minimal way of
quoting the parameter words, to make the result as readable as possible.
- The parameter substitution flag (Z), a variant of (z), takes arguments
describing how to split a variable using shell syntax: (Z:c:) parses
comments as strings (the default is not to treat comment characters
specially); (Z:C:) parses comments and strips them; (Z:n:) treats
newlines as ordinary whitespace (the default is to turn unquoted
newlines into semicolons; this is now documented).
- The parameter subscript flag (e) forces the argument to be treated
as a string, never a pattern, e.g. ${array[(ie)*]} looks for the
index of the array element containing the literal string "*".
- The operators :| and :* in parameter substitution allow for array
subtraction and intersection in the form ${name:|array}. With the :|
operator, all entries in $name that are also in $array will be removed
from the substitution. Conversely for the :* operation only the
entries that are in both arrays will be substituted.
- Numeric expansions can have a positive or negative step
e.g. "{3..9..2}". Negative start and end of ranges are also now
supported.
- =(<<<...) is optimised to eliminate the need for an external process.
It writes the given string to a file and substitutes the name on the
command line.
- The redirection operations "{myfd}>file" and "{myfd}>&-" open and
close a new file descriptor (at least 10) contained in the shell
variable myfd, which can be written to with ">&$myfd". This allows
arbitrary file descriptors rather than the explicit range 0 to 9.
- New prompt escapes:
%x and %I show source file and line number, useful in $PS4 (the
existing %N and %i show names and lines in the execution environment
rather than the source file).
%F, %K, %f, %k allow colouring of prompts both using ANSI colour names
and values supported by individual terminal emulators.
Builtins and shell functions
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- Directory-changing builtins take an option -q to suppress side
effects such as printing directories or calling the chpwd hook functions.
- Various enhancements have been made to traps:
- The option DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD is on by default, so DEBUG traps
can be used to debug code about to be run
- $ZSH_DEBUG_CMD in such a trap gives the code to be run
- "setopt ERR_EXIT" in a DEBUG trap causes the code not to be executed
- The "fc" builtin is now more useful non-interactively.
Shell variables (parameters)
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- New variables:
CORRECT_IGNORE can be set to a pattern to be ignored in spelling correction.
KEYBOARD_HACK defines characters to be ignored if typed unmatched at
the end of the line (an extension of the SUN_KEYBOARD_HACK option,
but note that setting the option will override the variable).
ZSH_PATCHLEVEL provides a unique indication of the code compiled to
make the shell, even between releases.
ZSH_SUBSHELL indicates the subshell level, incremented once per fork, at
which the code is being run.
Options
-+-+-+-
- New options:
COMBINING_CHARS: assume that the terminal displays combining
characters correctly. The shell cannot determine this by itself,
hence the option. This is highly recommended for MacOS X where
file names are stored with accented characters split into basic
and combining characters.
DEBUG_BEFORE_CMD (on by default): execute debug traps before the
code they refer to. This is a change of the default behaviour
as the new behaviour is much more useful.
HASH_EXECUTABLES_ONLY: don't insert non-executable files into the
command hash used e.g. by completion; this is optional as the
resulting behaviour may be very slow on network paths.
HIST_FCNTL_LOCK: Use the system's file locking mechanism instead
of an ad-hoc mechanism for locking history files.
HIST_LEX_WORDS: Perform lexical analysis on history lines read from
files, so the words are more accurately determined. May be very slow.
HIST_SAVE_BY_COPY (on by default): if unset, write a history file in
place by truncating the old one. Only needs to be turned off in
special circumstances.
MULTIBYTE (on by default if available): both variables and editor
command lines are treated as sequences of multibyte characters
rather than raw bytes depending on the locale. May be turned off
within functions to perform bytewise operations.
MULTI_FUNCDEF (on by default): "foo bar () { ... }" defines two
functions. This is often found to be confusing and bug-prone,
so you may want to unset it.
PATH_SCRIPT: search the path for a script specified as the first
argument to the shell on invocation.
POSIX_ALIASES: reserved words are not candidates for alias expansion.
POSIX_CD: make directory changing more POSIX-compatible.
POSIX_JOBS: make job control more POSIX compliant.
POSIX_STRINGS: $'...\0...' always processes \0 as a NULL, but if the
option is set the remainder of the string is ignored.
POSIX_TRAPS: EXIT traps are not executed on return from shell functions.
PROMPT_SP: improves display of lines not ending with newlines when
PROMPT_CR is in effect.
SOURCE_TRACE: print information as files are executed with ".",
"source", or as startup or shutdown files.
Line editor
-+-+-+-+-+-
- Supports multibyte characters, including characters wider than one
screen cell and (with the COMBINING_CHARS option) combining characters.
- New builtin widgets:
arguments-base: allow non-decimal numeric arguments
history-incremental-pattern-search-{backward,forward}: support
patterns in incremental searches.
- New special variables:
region_highlight allows arbitrary highlighting of parts of the
command line; it is maintained dynamically.
UNDO_CHANGE_NO gives a unique record of the current change state of
the command line, for undoing back to a particular point using
the undo widget.
zle_highlight provides master control of highlighting for special
modes, e.g. unprintable characters.
ZLE_LINE_ABORTED records an editor line that was aborted by an error
or C-g. It can be used to recover aborted lines.
ZLE_STATE give miscellaneous information, currently whether the line
editor is in insert or overwrite mode.
- The undo widget takes an argument, a previous value of $UNDO_CHANGE_NO.
Completion
-+-+-+-+-+
- Many new and enhanced completion functions
- New styles:
accept-exact-dirs: suppress path expansion of directory components
that already exist, speeding up completion significantly on slow
network directories.
path-completion: can be used to suppress directory components before
the current one completely, so e.g. /u/b<TAB> only completes after the
"b", not the "u".
- New special variables:
ZLE_REMOVE_SUFFIX_CHARS, ZLE_SPACE_SUFFIX_CHARS provide enhanced
flexibility over suffix removal.
- Matching control, typically handled with the matcher-list style,
supports named character ranges, such as [:upper:], wherever
ranges were allowed, for example 'm:{[:upper:]}={[:lower:]}'.
However, matching control does not yet handle multibyte characters
properly, so this is currently limited to ASCII.
Syntax and compatibility
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- Substitutions of the form ${var:-"$@"} and ${var:+"$@"} now behave
much more like other shells when appropriate (e.g. with the
SH_WORD_SPLIT option).
- Assignments within variable substitutions, such as ${var=value},
are also more compatible with other shells where appropriate.
- The emulate command can now be passed an expression to be evaluated
in a "sticky" emulation, so that functions defined there always
behave in the appropriate emulation.
- "emulate sh" and similar modes have improved compatibility with
respect to deciding whether the shell should exit on errors.
- Signals now accept SIG as part of the name.
Modules
-+-+-+-
- Modules now present "features", specific builtins (b:), parameters
(p:), conditions (c:) and math functions (f:), allowing more control
over what is imported from a module.
- The zsh/curses module provides access to the "curses" screen
manipulation package.
- The zsh/datetime module has a calendar utility, although it is not
as robust as standalone calendar utilities.
- The zsh/newuser module and associated functions has facilities for
setting up startup files for a first-time user.
- The zsh/parameter module contains some new arrays to aid in tracing
of the shell's call stack: $funcsourcetrace and $funcfiletrace.
- The zsh/parameter module provides $usergroups, an associative arrays
whose keys are the names of groups the current user belongs to, with
the group identifier as the corresponding value.
- The zsh/system module has a zsystem builtin which provides file
locking and also a forward-compatible means for testing subcommands
supported.
Internal improvements
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
- High resolution timestamps are used internally for certain
comparisons when available.
Add-on functions
-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- The VCS_Info system provides a way of keeping track of the state
of numerous version control systems within the shell.
- cdr etc.: change to a directory from a list that persists between
shell instances, with completion support.
- regexp-replace replaces text in variables using regular expressions;
it may be used by zle function widgets based on the functions
replace-string and replace-string-again to provide regular expression
replacements in the line editor.
Changes in 4.2 since version 4.2.0
----------------------------------
- The autoload and related builtins take options -k and -z to indicate
ksh or zsh autoloading style for given functions, making it possible
to mix and match.
- Assignments to associative arrays can use the i and r index flags.
For example,
assoc[(i)alpha*]=bravo
sets the value for the element whose key matches the pattern `alpha*';
assoc[(r)activ*]=passive
sets the value for the element whose current value matches the pattern
`activ*'.
- The glob qualifier F indicates a non-empty directory. Hence *(F)
indicates all subdirectories with entries, *(/^F) means all
subdirectories with no entries.
- fc -p and fc -P provide push/pop for the status of the shell's
history (both internal and using the history file). With automatic
scoping (fc -ap) it becomes easy to use a temporary history in a
function. This has been added to the calculator function zcalc to make
its internal history work more seamlessly.
- A new `try block' and `always block' syntax has been introduced
to make it easier to ensure the shell runs important tidy-up code
in the event of an error. It also runs after a break, continue, or
return, including a return forced by the ERR_RETURN option
(but not an exit, which is immediate). The syntax is:
`{' try-block-list `}' `always' `{' always-block-list `}'
where no newline or semicolon may appear between `}' and `always'.
This is compatible with all previous valid zsh syntax as an `always'
at that point used to be a syntax error. For example,
{ echo Code run in current shell } always { echo Tidy-up code }
- A new zle widget reset-prompt has been added to re-expand the current
prompt. Changes to the variable in use as well as changes in its
expansions are both taken into account. The same effect is now forced by
a job change notification, making the %j prompt escape and %(j..) ternary
expression more useful.
- The zftp module supports ports following the hostname in the normal suffix
notation, `host:port'. This requires IPv6 colon-style addresses to be
specified in suitably quoted square brackets, for example:
zftp open '[f000::baaa]'
zftp open '[f000::baaa]:ftp'
(the two are equivalent).
- Special traps, those that don't correspond to signals, i.e. ZERR, DEBUG
and EXIT are no longer executed inside other traps. This caused
unnecessary confusion if, for example, both DEBUG and EXIT traps
were set. The new behaviour is more compatible with other shells.
- New option TRAPS_ASYNC which if set allows traps to run while the
shell is waiting for a child process. This is the traditional zsh
behaviour; POSIX requires the option to be unset. In sh/ksh
compatibility mode the option is turned off by default and the option
letter -T turns it on, for compatibility with FreeBSD sh.
- New WIDGETSTYLE, WIDGETFUNC parameters in ZLE.
- Glob qualifier (+func) is shorthand for (e:func:) (calls a command,
typically a shell function, with no argument).
New features between zsh versions 4.0 and 4.2
---------------------------------------------
Configuration:
- upgraded to use autoconf post-2.50
- improved compatibility with other shells through shell options,
builtin arguments and improved builtin option parsing
Syntax and builtins:
- new printf builtin
- `+=' to append to parameters which works for scalars, arrays and (with
pairs) associative arrays.
- enhanced multiple parameter `for' loops:
for key value in key1 value1 key2 value2 ...
maintaining full compatibility with POSIX syntax.
- Suffix aliases allow the shell to run a command on a file by suffix,
e.g `alias -s ps=gv' makes `foo.ps' execute `gv foo.ps'. Supplied
function zsh-mime-setup uses existing mailcap and mime.types files
to set up suitable aliases. Supplied function pick-web-browser is
suitable for finding a browser to show .html etc. files by suffix alias.
- new option `no_case_glob' for case-insensitive globbing.
Add-on modules and functions:
- zsh/datetime modules makes date formatting and seconds since EPOCH
available inside the shell.
- zsh/net/tcp module provides builtin interface to TCP through ztcp
builtin. Function suite for interactive and script use with expect-style
pattern matching.
- zsh/net/socket module provides zsocket builtin.
- zcalc calculator function with full line editing.
- builtin interface to pcre library
- zsh/zselect module provides zselect builtin as interface to select
system call
Completion system:
- general improvements to command and context support, low-level functions,
display code.
- in verbose mode, matches with the same description are grouped
- highly configurable completions for values of specific parameters,
specific redirections for specific commands
- support for bash completion functions (typically zsh native functions are
more powerful where available)
- New completions provided for (some of these may be in later 4.0
releases): valgrind, tidy, texinfo, infocmp, Java classes, larch, limit,
locale parameters, netcat, mysqldiff, mt, lsof, elinks, ant, debchange
(dch), email addresses, file system types, Perforce, xsltproc.
Plus many others.
Line editor:
- special parameters $PREDISPLAY, $POSTDISPLAY available in function
widgets to configure uneditable text (for narrowing)
- recursive editing
- supplied widgets read-from-minibuffer, replace-string use these features
(more intuitive prompting and argument reading than 4.0)
- access to killed text via $CUTBUFFER and $killring
- supplied highly configurable word widgets forward-word-match etc., can
set what constitutes a word interactively or in startup script
(implement bash-style behaviour, replacing previous bash-* word widgets)
- interface to incremental search via $LASTSEARCH
- better handling of keymaps in zle and widgets
- better support for output from user-defined widgets while zle is active
- tetris game which runs entirely in zle
- several other contributed widgets
Local internal improvements:
- disowned jobs are automatically restarted
- \u and \U print escapes for Unicode
- read -d <delimiter> allows a custom line ending.
- read -t <timeout>.
- line numbers in error messages and $PS4 output are more consistent
- `=prog' expands only paths, no longer aliases for consistency
- job display in prompts; `jobs' command output can be piped
- prompts: new $RPROMPT2, %^, %j, %y, enhanced %{, %}, %_.
- rand48() function in zsh/mathfunc for better randomness in arithmetic
(if the corresponding math library function is present)
- $SECONDS parameter can be made floating point via `typeset -F SECONDS'
for better timing accuracy
- improvements to command line history mechanism
- job table is dynamically sized, preventing overflow (typically seen
previously in complex completions).
- many bugfixes
New features in zsh version 4.0.1
---------------------------------
Compared with 3.1.9, there are mostly incremental improvements to
- the new completion system --- more functions, completers, styles...
- the line editor
- handling of signals and traps
- the configuration system, particularly for modules
- Cygwin support (now essentially complete)
- arithmetic evaluation
- the zpty (pseudoterminal handling) module
- the test suite
plus various bug fixes and compatibility improvements.
The alias modules (zle.so as an alias for zsh/zle.so, etc.) have been
removed; use `zmodload -A' to load modules under other names. This is
irrelevant if you are upgrading from 3.0.
Compared with the 3.0 series of releases (the last stable set), the most
significant of a large number of improvements in the shell are:
- Dynamically loadable modules with hierarchical naming system
- Shell functions as editor functions, with much additional builtin support
- Incredibly rich new completion system; just needs a single