[ci] [python-package] enforce 'pylint' checks (fixes #4308)

[jameslamb]

Fixes #4308.

Proposes enforcing the pylint set of checks, via ruff.

Fixes the following:

python-package/lightgbm/basic.py:1204:21: PLR1701 [*] Merge `isinstance` calls: `isinstance(preds, (list, scipy.sparse.spmatrix))`
python-package/lightgbm/basic.py:3095:20: PLR1701 [*] Merge `isinstance` calls
python-package/lightgbm/basic.py:3273:20: PLR1701 [*] Merge `isinstance` calls
python-package/lightgbm/plotting.py:396:22: PLW3301 Nested `max` calls can be flattened
python-package/lightgbm/plotting.py:397:22: PLW3301 Nested `min` calls can be flattened
python-package/lightgbm/plotting.py:807:16: PLR0402 [*] Use `from matplotlib import image` in lieu of alias
tests/distributed/_test_distributed.py:82:16: PLW1510 [*] `subprocess.run` without explicit `check` argument
tests/distributed/_test_distributed.py:148:18: PLW1510 [*] `subprocess.run` without explicit `check` argument

Notes for Reviewers

All the codes I added to the list of exclusions in pyproject.toml are those that I actually saw running pre-commit run --all-files with no customization, and which I think we should ignore.

For a complete list of ruff pylint rules, see https://docs.astral.sh/ruff/rules/#pylint-pl.

[jmoralez]

Nice!

[jameslamb]

Thanks @jmoralez ! I'm hoping investing more in linting will make it easier for new contributors here.