meta.go

package inmem

import (
	"bytes"
	"fmt"
	"regexp"
	"sort"
	"sync"
	"unsafe"

	"github.com/influxdata/influxdb/models"
	"github.com/influxdata/influxdb/pkg/bytesutil"
	"github.com/influxdata/influxdb/pkg/radix"
	"github.com/influxdata/influxdb/query"
	"github.com/influxdata/influxdb/tsdb"
	"github.com/influxdata/influxql"
)

// Measurement represents a collection of time series in a database. It also
// contains in memory structures for indexing tags. Exported functions are
// goroutine safe while un-exported functions assume the caller will use the
// appropriate locks.
type measurement struct {
	Database  string
	Name      string `json:"name,omitempty"`
	NameBytes []byte // cached version as []byte

	mu         sync.RWMutex
	fieldNames map[string]struct{}

	// in-memory index fields
	seriesByID          map[uint64]*series      // lookup table for series by their id
	seriesByTagKeyValue map[string]*tagKeyValue // map from tag key to value to sorted set of series ids

	// lazyily created sorted series IDs
	sortedSeriesIDs seriesIDs // sorted list of series IDs in this measurement

	// Indicates whether the seriesByTagKeyValueMap needs to be rebuilt as it contains deleted series
	// that waste memory.
	dirty bool
}

// newMeasurement allocates and initializes a new Measurement.
func newMeasurement(database, name string) *measurement {
	return &measurement{
		Database:  database,
		Name:      name,
		NameBytes: []byte(name),

		fieldNames:          make(map[string]struct{}),
		seriesByID:          make(map[uint64]*series),
		seriesByTagKeyValue: make(map[string]*tagKeyValue),
	}
}

// bytes estimates the memory footprint of this measurement, in bytes.
func (m *measurement) bytes() int {
	var b int
	m.mu.RLock()
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(m.Database)) + len(m.Database)
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(m.Name)) + len(m.Name)
	if m.NameBytes != nil {
		b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(m.NameBytes)) + len(m.NameBytes)
	}
	b += 24 // 24 bytes for m.mu RWMutex
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(m.fieldNames))
	for fieldName := range m.fieldNames {
		b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(fieldName)) + len(fieldName)
	}
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(m.seriesByID))
	for k, v := range m.seriesByID {
		b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(k))
		b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(v))
		// Do not count footprint of each series, to avoid double-counting in Index.bytes().
	}
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(m.seriesByTagKeyValue))
	for k, v := range m.seriesByTagKeyValue {
		b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(k)) + len(k)
		b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(v)) + v.bytes()
	}
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(m.sortedSeriesIDs))
	for _, seriesID := range m.sortedSeriesIDs {
		b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(seriesID))
	}
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(m.dirty))
	m.mu.RUnlock()
	return b
}

// Authorized determines if this Measurement is authorized to be read, according
// to the provided Authorizer. A measurement is authorized to be read if at
// least one undeleted series from the measurement is authorized to be read.
func (m *measurement) Authorized(auth query.Authorizer) bool {
	// Note(edd): the cost of this check scales linearly with the number of series
	// belonging to a measurement, which means it may become expensive when there
	// are large numbers of series on a measurement.
	//
	// In the future we might want to push the set of series down into the
	// authorizer, but that will require an API change.
	for _, s := range m.SeriesByIDMap() {
		if s != nil && s.Deleted() {
			continue
		}

		if query.AuthorizerIsOpen(auth) || auth.AuthorizeSeriesRead(m.Database, m.NameBytes, s.Tags) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (m *measurement) HasField(name string) bool {
	m.mu.RLock()
	_, hasField := m.fieldNames[name]
	m.mu.RUnlock()
	return hasField
}

// SeriesByID returns a series by identifier.
func (m *measurement) SeriesByID(id uint64) *series {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	return m.seriesByID[id]
}

// SeriesByIDMap returns the internal seriesByID map.
func (m *measurement) SeriesByIDMap() map[uint64]*series {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	return m.seriesByID
}

// SeriesByIDSlice returns a list of series by identifiers.
func (m *measurement) SeriesByIDSlice(ids []uint64) []*series {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	a := make([]*series, len(ids))
	for i, id := range ids {
		a[i] = m.seriesByID[id]
	}
	return a
}

// AppendSeriesKeysByID appends keys for a list of series ids to a buffer.
func (m *measurement) AppendSeriesKeysByID(dst []string, ids []uint64) []string {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	for _, id := range ids {
		if s := m.seriesByID[id]; s != nil && !s.Deleted() {
			dst = append(dst, s.Key)
		}
	}
	return dst
}

// SeriesKeysByID returns the a list of keys for a set of ids.
func (m *measurement) SeriesKeysByID(ids seriesIDs) [][]byte {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	keys := make([][]byte, 0, len(ids))
	for _, id := range ids {
		s := m.seriesByID[id]
		if s == nil || s.Deleted() {
			continue
		}
		keys = append(keys, []byte(s.Key))
	}

	if !bytesutil.IsSorted(keys) {
		bytesutil.Sort(keys)
	}

	return keys
}

// SeriesKeys returns the keys of every series in this measurement
func (m *measurement) SeriesKeys() [][]byte {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	keys := make([][]byte, 0, len(m.seriesByID))
	for _, s := range m.seriesByID {
		if s.Deleted() {
			continue
		}
		keys = append(keys, []byte(s.Key))
	}

	if !bytesutil.IsSorted(keys) {
		bytesutil.Sort(keys)
	}

	return keys
}

func (m *measurement) SeriesIDs() seriesIDs {
	m.mu.RLock()
	if len(m.sortedSeriesIDs) == len(m.seriesByID) {
		s := m.sortedSeriesIDs
		m.mu.RUnlock()
		return s
	}
	m.mu.RUnlock()

	m.mu.Lock()
	if len(m.sortedSeriesIDs) == len(m.seriesByID) {
		s := m.sortedSeriesIDs
		m.mu.Unlock()
		return s
	}

	m.sortedSeriesIDs = m.sortedSeriesIDs[:0]
	if cap(m.sortedSeriesIDs) < len(m.seriesByID) {
		m.sortedSeriesIDs = make(seriesIDs, 0, len(m.seriesByID))
	}

	for k, v := range m.seriesByID {
		if v.Deleted() {
			continue
		}
		m.sortedSeriesIDs = append(m.sortedSeriesIDs, k)
	}
	sort.Sort(m.sortedSeriesIDs)
	s := m.sortedSeriesIDs
	m.mu.Unlock()
	return s
}

// HasTagKey returns true if at least one series in this measurement has written a value for the passed in tag key
func (m *measurement) HasTagKey(k string) bool {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	_, hasTag := m.seriesByTagKeyValue[k]
	return hasTag
}

func (m *measurement) HasTagKeyValue(k, v []byte) bool {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	return m.seriesByTagKeyValue[string(k)].Contains(string(v))
}

// HasSeries returns true if there is at least 1 series under this measurement.
func (m *measurement) HasSeries() bool {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	return len(m.seriesByID) > 0
}

// CardinalityBytes returns the number of values associated with the given tag key.
func (m *measurement) CardinalityBytes(key []byte) int {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	return m.seriesByTagKeyValue[string(key)].Cardinality()
}

// AddSeries adds a series to the measurement's index.
// It returns true if the series was added successfully or false if the series was already present.
func (m *measurement) AddSeries(s *series) bool {
	if s == nil {
		return false
	}

	m.mu.RLock()
	if m.seriesByID[s.ID] != nil {
		m.mu.RUnlock()
		return false
	}
	m.mu.RUnlock()

	m.mu.Lock()
	defer m.mu.Unlock()

	if m.seriesByID[s.ID] != nil {
		return false
	}

	m.seriesByID[s.ID] = s

	if len(m.seriesByID) == 1 || (len(m.sortedSeriesIDs) == len(m.seriesByID)-1 && s.ID > m.sortedSeriesIDs[len(m.sortedSeriesIDs)-1]) {
		m.sortedSeriesIDs = append(m.sortedSeriesIDs, s.ID)
	}

	// add this series id to the tag index on the measurement
	for _, t := range s.Tags {
		valueMap := m.seriesByTagKeyValue[string(t.Key)]
		if valueMap == nil {
			valueMap = newTagKeyValue()
			m.seriesByTagKeyValue[string(t.Key)] = valueMap
		}
		valueMap.InsertSeriesIDByte(t.Value, s.ID)
	}

	return true
}

// DropSeries removes a series from the measurement's index.
func (m *measurement) DropSeries(series *series) {
	seriesID := series.ID
	m.mu.Lock()
	defer m.mu.Unlock()

	// Existence check before delete here to clean up the caching/indexing only when needed
	if _, ok := m.seriesByID[seriesID]; !ok {
		return
	}
	delete(m.seriesByID, seriesID)

	// clear our lazily sorted set of ids
	m.sortedSeriesIDs = m.sortedSeriesIDs[:0]

	// Mark that this measurements tagValue map has stale entries that need to be rebuilt.
	m.dirty = true
}

func (m *measurement) Rebuild() *measurement {
	m.mu.RLock()

	// Nothing needs to be rebuilt.
	if !m.dirty {
		m.mu.RUnlock()
		return m
	}

	// Create a new measurement from the state of the existing measurement
	nm := newMeasurement(m.Database, string(m.NameBytes))
	nm.fieldNames = m.fieldNames
	m.mu.RUnlock()

	// Re-add each series to allow the measurement indexes to get re-created.  If there were
	// deletes, the existing measurement may have references to deleted series that need to be
	// expunged.  Note: we're NOT using SeriesIDs which returns the series in sorted order because
	// we need to do this under a write lock to prevent races.  The series are added in sorted
	// order to prevent resorting them again after they are all re-added.
	m.mu.Lock()
	defer m.mu.Unlock()

	for k, v := range m.seriesByID {
		if v.Deleted() {
			continue
		}
		m.sortedSeriesIDs = append(m.sortedSeriesIDs, k)
	}
	sort.Sort(m.sortedSeriesIDs)

	for _, id := range m.sortedSeriesIDs {
		if s := m.seriesByID[id]; s != nil {
			// Explicitly set the new measurement on the series.
			s.Measurement = nm
			nm.AddSeries(s)
		}
	}
	return nm
}

// filters walks the where clause of a select statement and returns a map with all series ids
// matching the where clause and any filter expression that should be applied to each
func (m *measurement) filters(condition influxql.Expr) ([]uint64, map[uint64]influxql.Expr, error) {
	if condition == nil {
		return m.SeriesIDs(), nil, nil
	}
	return m.WalkWhereForSeriesIds(condition)
}

// TagSets returns the unique tag sets that exist for the given tag keys. This is used to determine
// what composite series will be created by a group by. i.e. "group by region" should return:
// {"region":"uswest"}, {"region":"useast"}
// or region, service returns
// {"region": "uswest", "service": "redis"}, {"region": "uswest", "service": "mysql"}, etc...
// This will also populate the TagSet objects with the series IDs that match each tagset and any
// influx filter expression that goes with the series
// TODO: this shouldn't be exported. However, until tx.go and the engine get refactored into tsdb, we need it.
func (m *measurement) TagSets(shardSeriesIDs *tsdb.SeriesIDSet, opt query.IteratorOptions) ([]*query.TagSet, error) {
	// get the unique set of series ids and the filters that should be applied to each
	ids, filters, err := m.filters(opt.Condition)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	var dims []string
	if len(opt.Dimensions) > 0 {
		dims = make([]string, len(opt.Dimensions))
		copy(dims, opt.Dimensions)
		sort.Strings(dims)
	}

	m.mu.RLock()
	// For every series, get the tag values for the requested tag keys i.e. dimensions. This is the
	// TagSet for that series. Series with the same TagSet are then grouped together, because for the
	// purpose of GROUP BY they are part of the same composite series.
	tagSets := make(map[string]*query.TagSet, 64)
	var seriesN int
	for _, id := range ids {
		// Abort if the query was killed
		select {
		case <-opt.InterruptCh:
			m.mu.RUnlock()
			return nil, query.ErrQueryInterrupted
		default:
		}

		if opt.MaxSeriesN > 0 && seriesN > opt.MaxSeriesN {
			m.mu.RUnlock()
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("max-select-series limit exceeded: (%d/%d)", seriesN, opt.MaxSeriesN)
		}

		s := m.seriesByID[id]
		if s == nil || s.Deleted() || !shardSeriesIDs.Contains(id) {
			continue
		}

		if opt.Authorizer != nil && !opt.Authorizer.AuthorizeSeriesRead(m.Database, m.NameBytes, s.Tags) {
			continue
		}

		var tagsAsKey []byte
		if len(dims) > 0 {
			tagsAsKey = tsdb.MakeTagsKey(dims, s.Tags)
		}

		tagSet := tagSets[string(tagsAsKey)]
		if tagSet == nil {
			// This TagSet is new, create a new entry for it.
			tagSet = &query.TagSet{
				Tags: nil,
				Key:  tagsAsKey,
			}
			tagSets[string(tagsAsKey)] = tagSet
		}
		// Associate the series and filter with the Tagset.
		tagSet.AddFilter(s.Key, filters[id])
		seriesN++
	}
	// Release the lock while we sort all the tags
	m.mu.RUnlock()

	// Sort the series in each tag set.
	for _, t := range tagSets {
		// Abort if the query was killed
		select {
		case <-opt.InterruptCh:
			return nil, query.ErrQueryInterrupted
		default:
		}

		sort.Sort(t)
	}

	// The TagSets have been created, as a map of TagSets. Just send
	// the values back as a slice, sorting for consistency.
	sortedTagsSets := make([]*query.TagSet, 0, len(tagSets))
	for _, v := range tagSets {
		sortedTagsSets = append(sortedTagsSets, v)
	}
	sort.Sort(byTagKey(sortedTagsSets))

	return sortedTagsSets, nil
}

// intersectSeriesFilters performs an intersection for two sets of ids and filter expressions.
func intersectSeriesFilters(lids, rids seriesIDs, lfilters, rfilters FilterExprs) (seriesIDs, FilterExprs) {
	// We only want to allocate a slice and map of the smaller size.
	var ids []uint64
	if len(lids) > len(rids) {
		ids = make([]uint64, 0, len(rids))
	} else {
		ids = make([]uint64, 0, len(lids))
	}

	var filters FilterExprs
	if len(lfilters) > len(rfilters) {
		filters = make(FilterExprs, len(rfilters))
	} else {
		filters = make(FilterExprs, len(lfilters))
	}

	// They're in sorted order so advance the counter as needed.
	// This is, don't run comparisons against lower values that we've already passed.
	for len(lids) > 0 && len(rids) > 0 {
		lid, rid := lids[0], rids[0]
		if lid == rid {
			ids = append(ids, lid)

			var expr influxql.Expr
			lfilter := lfilters[lid]
			rfilter := rfilters[rid]

			if lfilter != nil && rfilter != nil {
				be := &influxql.BinaryExpr{
					Op:  influxql.AND,
					LHS: lfilter,
					RHS: rfilter,
				}
				expr = influxql.Reduce(be, nil)
			} else if lfilter != nil {
				expr = lfilter
			} else if rfilter != nil {
				expr = rfilter
			}

			if expr != nil {
				filters[lid] = expr
			}
			lids, rids = lids[1:], rids[1:]
		} else if lid < rid {
			lids = lids[1:]
		} else {
			rids = rids[1:]
		}
	}
	return ids, filters
}

// unionSeriesFilters performs a union for two sets of ids and filter expressions.
func unionSeriesFilters(lids, rids seriesIDs, lfilters, rfilters FilterExprs) (seriesIDs, FilterExprs) {
	ids := make([]uint64, 0, len(lids)+len(rids))

	// Setup the filters with the smallest size since we will discard filters
	// that do not have a match on the other side.
	var filters FilterExprs
	if len(lfilters) < len(rfilters) {
		filters = make(FilterExprs, len(lfilters))
	} else {
		filters = make(FilterExprs, len(rfilters))
	}

	for len(lids) > 0 && len(rids) > 0 {
		lid, rid := lids[0], rids[0]
		if lid == rid {
			ids = append(ids, lid)

			// If one side does not have a filter, then the series has been
			// included on one side of the OR with no condition. Eliminate the
			// filter in this case.
			var expr influxql.Expr
			lfilter := lfilters[lid]
			rfilter := rfilters[rid]
			if lfilter != nil && rfilter != nil {
				be := &influxql.BinaryExpr{
					Op:  influxql.OR,
					LHS: lfilter,
					RHS: rfilter,
				}
				expr = influxql.Reduce(be, nil)
			}

			if expr != nil {
				filters[lid] = expr
			}
			lids, rids = lids[1:], rids[1:]
		} else if lid < rid {
			ids = append(ids, lid)

			filter := lfilters[lid]
			if filter != nil {
				filters[lid] = filter
			}
			lids = lids[1:]
		} else {
			ids = append(ids, rid)

			filter := rfilters[rid]
			if filter != nil {
				filters[rid] = filter
			}
			rids = rids[1:]
		}
	}

	// Now append the remainder.
	if len(lids) > 0 {
		for i := 0; i < len(lids); i++ {
			ids = append(ids, lids[i])

			filter := lfilters[lids[i]]
			if filter != nil {
				filters[lids[i]] = filter
			}
		}
	} else if len(rids) > 0 {
		for i := 0; i < len(rids); i++ {
			ids = append(ids, rids[i])

			filter := rfilters[rids[i]]
			if filter != nil {
				filters[rids[i]] = filter
			}
		}
	}
	return ids, filters
}

// SeriesIDsByTagKey returns a list of all series for a tag key.
func (m *measurement) SeriesIDsByTagKey(key []byte) seriesIDs {
	tagVals := m.seriesByTagKeyValue[string(key)]
	if tagVals == nil {
		return nil
	}

	var ids seriesIDs
	tagVals.RangeAll(func(_ string, a seriesIDs) {
		ids = append(ids, a...)
	})
	sort.Sort(ids)
	return ids
}

// SeriesIDsByTagValue returns a list of all series for a tag value.
func (m *measurement) SeriesIDsByTagValue(key, value []byte) seriesIDs {
	tagVals := m.seriesByTagKeyValue[string(key)]
	if tagVals == nil {
		return nil
	}
	return tagVals.Load(string(value))
}

// IDsForExpr returns the series IDs that are candidates to match the given expression.
func (m *measurement) IDsForExpr(n *influxql.BinaryExpr) seriesIDs {
	ids, _, _ := m.idsForExpr(n)
	return ids
}

// idsForExpr returns a collection of series ids and a filter expression that should
// be used to filter points from those series.
func (m *measurement) idsForExpr(n *influxql.BinaryExpr) (seriesIDs, influxql.Expr, error) {
	// If this binary expression has another binary expression, then this
	// is some expression math and we should just pass it to the underlying query.
	if _, ok := n.LHS.(*influxql.BinaryExpr); ok {
		return m.SeriesIDs(), n, nil
	} else if _, ok := n.RHS.(*influxql.BinaryExpr); ok {
		return m.SeriesIDs(), n, nil
	}

	// Retrieve the variable reference from the correct side of the expression.
	name, ok := n.LHS.(*influxql.VarRef)
	value := n.RHS
	if !ok {
		name, ok = n.RHS.(*influxql.VarRef)
		if !ok {
			// This is an expression we do not know how to evaluate. Let the
			// query engine take care of this.
			return m.SeriesIDs(), n, nil
		}
		value = n.LHS
	}

	// For fields, return all series IDs from this measurement and return
	// the expression passed in, as the filter.
	if name.Val != "_name" && ((name.Type == influxql.Unknown && m.HasField(name.Val)) || name.Type == influxql.AnyField || (name.Type != influxql.Tag && name.Type != influxql.Unknown)) {
		return m.SeriesIDs(), n, nil
	} else if value, ok := value.(*influxql.VarRef); ok {
		// Check if the RHS is a variable and if it is a field.
		if value.Val != "_name" && ((value.Type == influxql.Unknown && m.HasField(value.Val)) || name.Type == influxql.AnyField || (value.Type != influxql.Tag && value.Type != influxql.Unknown)) {
			return m.SeriesIDs(), n, nil
		}
	}

	// Retrieve list of series with this tag key.
	tagVals := m.seriesByTagKeyValue[name.Val]

	// if we're looking for series with a specific tag value
	if str, ok := value.(*influxql.StringLiteral); ok {
		var ids seriesIDs

		// Special handling for "_name" to match measurement name.
		if name.Val == "_name" {
			if (n.Op == influxql.EQ && str.Val == m.Name) || (n.Op == influxql.NEQ && str.Val != m.Name) {
				return m.SeriesIDs(), nil, nil
			}
			return nil, nil, nil
		}

		if n.Op == influxql.EQ {
			if str.Val != "" {
				// return series that have a tag of specific value.
				ids = tagVals.Load(str.Val)
			} else {
				// Make a copy of all series ids and mark the ones we need to evict.
				sIDs := newEvictSeriesIDs(m.SeriesIDs())

				// Go through each slice and mark the values we find as zero so
				// they can be removed later.
				tagVals.RangeAll(func(_ string, a seriesIDs) {
					sIDs.mark(a)
				})

				// Make a new slice with only the remaining ids.
				ids = sIDs.evict()
			}
		} else if n.Op == influxql.NEQ {
			if str.Val != "" {
				ids = m.SeriesIDs()
				if vals := tagVals.Load(str.Val); len(vals) > 0 {
					ids = ids.Reject(vals)
				}
			} else {
				tagVals.RangeAll(func(_ string, a seriesIDs) {
					ids = append(ids, a...)
				})
				sort.Sort(ids)
			}
		}
		return ids, nil, nil
	}

	// if we're looking for series with a tag value that matches a regex
	if re, ok := value.(*influxql.RegexLiteral); ok {
		var ids seriesIDs

		// Special handling for "_name" to match measurement name.
		if name.Val == "_name" {
			match := re.Val.MatchString(m.Name)
			if (n.Op == influxql.EQREGEX && match) || (n.Op == influxql.NEQREGEX && !match) {
				return m.SeriesIDs(), &influxql.BooleanLiteral{Val: true}, nil
			}
			return nil, nil, nil
		}

		// Check if we match the empty string to see if we should include series
		// that are missing the tag.
		empty := re.Val.MatchString("")

		// Gather the series that match the regex. If we should include the empty string,
		// start with the list of all series and reject series that don't match our condition.
		// If we should not include the empty string, include series that match our condition.
		if empty && n.Op == influxql.EQREGEX {
			// See comments above for EQ with a StringLiteral.
			sIDs := newEvictSeriesIDs(m.SeriesIDs())
			tagVals.RangeAll(func(k string, a seriesIDs) {
				if !re.Val.MatchString(k) {
					sIDs.mark(a)
				}
			})
			ids = sIDs.evict()
		} else if empty && n.Op == influxql.NEQREGEX {
			ids = make(seriesIDs, 0, len(m.SeriesIDs()))
			tagVals.RangeAll(func(k string, a seriesIDs) {
				if !re.Val.MatchString(k) {
					ids = append(ids, a...)
				}
			})
			sort.Sort(ids)
		} else if !empty && n.Op == influxql.EQREGEX {
			ids = make(seriesIDs, 0, len(m.SeriesIDs()))
			tagVals.RangeAll(func(k string, a seriesIDs) {
				if re.Val.MatchString(k) {
					ids = append(ids, a...)
				}
			})
			sort.Sort(ids)
		} else if !empty && n.Op == influxql.NEQREGEX {
			// See comments above for EQ with a StringLiteral.
			sIDs := newEvictSeriesIDs(m.SeriesIDs())
			tagVals.RangeAll(func(k string, a seriesIDs) {
				if re.Val.MatchString(k) {
					sIDs.mark(a)
				}
			})
			ids = sIDs.evict()
		}
		return ids, nil, nil
	}

	// compare tag values
	if ref, ok := value.(*influxql.VarRef); ok {
		var ids seriesIDs

		if n.Op == influxql.NEQ {
			ids = m.SeriesIDs()
		}

		rhsTagVals := m.seriesByTagKeyValue[ref.Val]
		tagVals.RangeAll(func(k string, a seriesIDs) {
			tags := a.Intersect(rhsTagVals.Load(k))
			if n.Op == influxql.EQ {
				ids = ids.Union(tags)
			} else if n.Op == influxql.NEQ {
				ids = ids.Reject(tags)
			}
		})
		return ids, nil, nil
	}

	// We do not know how to evaluate this expression so pass it
	// on to the query engine.
	return m.SeriesIDs(), n, nil
}

// FilterExprs represents a map of series IDs to filter expressions.
type FilterExprs map[uint64]influxql.Expr

// DeleteBoolLiteralTrues deletes all elements whose filter expression is a boolean literal true.
func (fe FilterExprs) DeleteBoolLiteralTrues() {
	for id, expr := range fe {
		if e, ok := expr.(*influxql.BooleanLiteral); ok && e.Val {
			delete(fe, id)
		}
	}
}

// Len returns the number of elements.
func (fe FilterExprs) Len() int {
	if fe == nil {
		return 0
	}
	return len(fe)
}

// WalkWhereForSeriesIds recursively walks the WHERE clause and returns an ordered set of series IDs and
// a map from those series IDs to filter expressions that should be used to limit points returned in
// the final query result.
func (m *measurement) WalkWhereForSeriesIds(expr influxql.Expr) (seriesIDs, FilterExprs, error) {
	switch n := expr.(type) {
	case *influxql.BinaryExpr:
		switch n.Op {
		case influxql.EQ, influxql.NEQ, influxql.LT, influxql.LTE, influxql.GT, influxql.GTE, influxql.EQREGEX, influxql.NEQREGEX:
			// Get the series IDs and filter expression for the tag or field comparison.
			ids, expr, err := m.idsForExpr(n)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, nil, err
			}

			if len(ids) == 0 {
				return ids, nil, nil
			}

			// If the expression is a boolean literal that is true, ignore it.
			if b, ok := expr.(*influxql.BooleanLiteral); ok && b.Val {
				expr = nil
			}

			var filters FilterExprs
			if expr != nil {
				filters = make(FilterExprs, len(ids))
				for _, id := range ids {
					filters[id] = expr
				}
			}

			return ids, filters, nil
		case influxql.AND, influxql.OR:
			// Get the series IDs and filter expressions for the LHS.
			lids, lfilters, err := m.WalkWhereForSeriesIds(n.LHS)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, nil, err
			}

			// Get the series IDs and filter expressions for the RHS.
			rids, rfilters, err := m.WalkWhereForSeriesIds(n.RHS)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, nil, err
			}

			// Combine the series IDs from the LHS and RHS.
			if n.Op == influxql.AND {
				ids, filters := intersectSeriesFilters(lids, rids, lfilters, rfilters)
				return ids, filters, nil
			} else {
				ids, filters := unionSeriesFilters(lids, rids, lfilters, rfilters)
				return ids, filters, nil
			}
		}

		ids, _, err := m.idsForExpr(n)
		return ids, nil, err
	case *influxql.ParenExpr:
		// walk down the tree
		return m.WalkWhereForSeriesIds(n.Expr)
	case *influxql.BooleanLiteral:
		if n.Val {
			return m.SeriesIDs(), nil, nil
		}
		return nil, nil, nil
	default:
		return nil, nil, nil
	}
}

// SeriesIDsAllOrByExpr walks an expressions for matching series IDs
// or, if no expressions is given, returns all series IDs for the measurement.
func (m *measurement) SeriesIDsAllOrByExpr(expr influxql.Expr) (seriesIDs, error) {
	// If no expression given or the measurement has no series,
	// we can take just return the ids or nil accordingly.
	if expr == nil {
		return m.SeriesIDs(), nil
	}

	m.mu.RLock()
	l := len(m.seriesByID)
	m.mu.RUnlock()
	if l == 0 {
		return nil, nil
	}

	// Get series IDs that match the WHERE clause.
	ids, _, err := m.WalkWhereForSeriesIds(expr)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return ids, nil
}

// tagKeysByExpr extracts the tag keys wanted by the expression.
func (m *measurement) TagKeysByExpr(expr influxql.Expr) (map[string]struct{}, error) {
	if expr == nil {
		set := make(map[string]struct{})
		for _, key := range m.TagKeys() {
			set[key] = struct{}{}
		}
		return set, nil
	}

	switch e := expr.(type) {
	case *influxql.BinaryExpr:
		switch e.Op {
		case influxql.EQ, influxql.NEQ, influxql.EQREGEX, influxql.NEQREGEX:
			tag, ok := e.LHS.(*influxql.VarRef)
			if !ok {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("left side of '%s' must be a tag key", e.Op.String())
			} else if tag.Val != "_tagKey" {
				return nil, nil
			}

			if influxql.IsRegexOp(e.Op) {
				re, ok := e.RHS.(*influxql.RegexLiteral)
				if !ok {
					return nil, fmt.Errorf("right side of '%s' must be a regular expression", e.Op.String())
				}
				return m.tagKeysByFilter(e.Op, "", re.Val), nil
			}

			s, ok := e.RHS.(*influxql.StringLiteral)
			if !ok {
				return nil, fmt.Errorf("right side of '%s' must be a tag value string", e.Op.String())
			}
			return m.tagKeysByFilter(e.Op, s.Val, nil), nil

		case influxql.AND, influxql.OR:
			lhs, err := m.TagKeysByExpr(e.LHS)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}

			rhs, err := m.TagKeysByExpr(e.RHS)
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}

			if lhs != nil && rhs != nil {
				if e.Op == influxql.OR {
					return stringSet(lhs).union(rhs), nil
				}
				return stringSet(lhs).intersect(rhs), nil
			} else if lhs != nil {
				return lhs, nil
			} else if rhs != nil {
				return rhs, nil
			}
			return nil, nil
		default:
			return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid operator")
		}

	case *influxql.ParenExpr:
		return m.TagKeysByExpr(e.Expr)
	}

	return nil, fmt.Errorf("%#v", expr)
}

// tagKeysByFilter will filter the tag keys for the measurement.
func (m *measurement) tagKeysByFilter(op influxql.Token, val string, regex *regexp.Regexp) stringSet {
	ss := newStringSet()
	for _, key := range m.TagKeys() {
		var matched bool
		switch op {
		case influxql.EQ:
			matched = key == val
		case influxql.NEQ:
			matched = key != val
		case influxql.EQREGEX:
			matched = regex.MatchString(key)
		case influxql.NEQREGEX:
			matched = !regex.MatchString(key)
		}

		if !matched {
			continue
		}
		ss.add(key)
	}
	return ss
}

// Measurements represents a list of *Measurement.
type measurements []*measurement

// Len implements sort.Interface.
func (a measurements) Len() int { return len(a) }

// Less implements sort.Interface.
func (a measurements) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i].Name < a[j].Name }

// Swap implements sort.Interface.
func (a measurements) Swap(i, j int) { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }

// series belong to a Measurement and represent unique time series in a database.
type series struct {
	mu      sync.RWMutex
	deleted bool

	// immutable
	ID          uint64
	Measurement *measurement
	Key         string
	Tags        models.Tags
}

// newSeries returns an initialized series struct
func newSeries(id uint64, m *measurement, key string, tags models.Tags) *series {
	return &series{
		ID:          id,
		Measurement: m,
		Key:         key,
		Tags:        tags,
	}
}

// bytes estimates the memory footprint of this series, in bytes.
func (s *series) bytes() int {
	var b int
	s.mu.RLock()
	b += 24 // RWMutex uses 24 bytes
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(s.deleted) + unsafe.Sizeof(s.ID))
	// Do not count s.Measurement to prevent double-counting in Index.Bytes.
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(s.Key)) + len(s.Key)
	for _, tag := range s.Tags {
		b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(tag)) + len(tag.Key) + len(tag.Value)
	}
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(s.Tags))
	s.mu.RUnlock()
	return b
}

// Delete marks this series as deleted.  A deleted series should not be returned for queries.
func (s *series) Delete() {
	s.mu.Lock()
	s.deleted = true
	s.mu.Unlock()
}

// Deleted indicates if this was previously deleted.
func (s *series) Deleted() bool {
	s.mu.RLock()
	v := s.deleted
	s.mu.RUnlock()
	return v
}

// TagKeyValue provides goroutine-safe concurrent access to the set of series
// ids mapping to a set of tag values.
type tagKeyValue struct {
	mu      sync.RWMutex
	entries map[string]*tagKeyValueEntry
}

// bytes estimates the memory footprint of this tagKeyValue, in bytes.
func (t *tagKeyValue) bytes() int {
	var b int
	t.mu.RLock()
	b += 24 // RWMutex is 24 bytes
	b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(t.entries))
	for k, v := range t.entries {
		b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(k)) + len(k)
		b += len(v.m) * 8 // uint64
		b += len(v.a) * 8 // uint64
		b += int(unsafe.Sizeof(v) + unsafe.Sizeof(*v))
	}
	t.mu.RUnlock()
	return b
}

// NewTagKeyValue initialises a new TagKeyValue.
func newTagKeyValue() *tagKeyValue {
	return &tagKeyValue{entries: make(map[string]*tagKeyValueEntry)}
}

// Cardinality returns the number of values in the TagKeyValue.
func (t *tagKeyValue) Cardinality() int {
	if t == nil {
		return 0
	}

	t.mu.RLock()
	defer t.mu.RUnlock()
	return len(t.entries)
}

// Contains returns true if the TagKeyValue contains value.
func (t *tagKeyValue) Contains(value string) bool {
	if t == nil {
		return false
	}

	t.mu.RLock()
	defer t.mu.RUnlock()
	_, ok := t.entries[value]
	return ok
}

// InsertSeriesIDByte adds a series id to the tag key value.
func (t *tagKeyValue) InsertSeriesIDByte(value []byte, id uint64) {
	t.mu.Lock()
	entry := t.entries[string(value)]
	if entry == nil {
		entry = newTagKeyValueEntry()
		t.entries[string(value)] = entry
	}
	entry.m[id] = struct{}{}
	t.mu.Unlock()
}

// Load returns the SeriesIDs for the provided tag value.
func (t *tagKeyValue) Load(value string) seriesIDs {
	if t == nil {
		return nil
	}

	t.mu.RLock()
	entry := t.entries[value]
	ids, changed := entry.ids()
	t.mu.RUnlock()

	if changed {
		t.mu.Lock()
		entry.setIDs(ids)
		t.mu.Unlock()
	}
	return ids
}

// TagKeyValue is a no-op.
//
// If f returns false then iteration over any remaining keys or values will cease.
func (t *tagKeyValue) Range(f func(tagValue string, a seriesIDs) bool) {
	if t == nil {
		return
	}

	t.mu.RLock()
	for tagValue, entry := range t.entries {
		ids, changed := entry.ids()
		if changed {
			t.mu.RUnlock()
			t.mu.Lock()
			entry.setIDs(ids)
			t.mu.Unlock()
			t.mu.RLock()
		}

		if !f(tagValue, ids) {
			t.mu.RUnlock()
			return
		}
	}
	t.mu.RUnlock()
}

// RangeAll calls f sequentially on each key and value. A call to RangeAll on a
// nil TagKeyValue is a no-op.
func (t *tagKeyValue) RangeAll(f func(k string, a seriesIDs)) {
	t.Range(func(k string, a seriesIDs) bool {
		f(k, a)
		return true
	})
}

type tagKeyValueEntry struct {
	m map[uint64]struct{} // series id set
	a seriesIDs           // lazily sorted list of series.
}

func newTagKeyValueEntry() *tagKeyValueEntry {
	return &tagKeyValueEntry{m: make(map[uint64]struct{})}
}

func (e *tagKeyValueEntry) ids() (_ seriesIDs, changed bool) {
	if e == nil {
		return nil, false
	} else if len(e.a) == len(e.m) {
		return e.a, false
	}

	a := make(seriesIDs, 0, len(e.m))
	for id := range e.m {
		a = append(a, id)
	}
	radix.SortUint64s(a)

	return a, true
}

func (e *tagKeyValueEntry) setIDs(a seriesIDs) {
	if e == nil {
		return
	}
	e.a = a
}

// SeriesIDs is a convenience type for sorting, checking equality, and doing
// union and intersection of collections of series ids.
type seriesIDs []uint64

// Len implements sort.Interface.
func (a seriesIDs) Len() int { return len(a) }

// Less implements sort.Interface.
func (a seriesIDs) Less(i, j int) bool { return a[i] < a[j] }

// Swap implements sort.Interface.
func (a seriesIDs) Swap(i, j int) { a[i], a[j] = a[j], a[i] }

// Equals assumes that both are sorted.
func (a seriesIDs) Equals(other seriesIDs) bool {
	if len(a) != len(other) {
		return false
	}
	for i, s := range other {
		if a[i] != s {
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

// Intersect returns a new collection of series ids in sorted order that is the intersection of the two.
// The two collections must already be sorted.
func (a seriesIDs) Intersect(other seriesIDs) seriesIDs {
	l := a
	r := other

	// we want to iterate through the shortest one and stop
	if len(other) < len(a) {
		l = other
		r = a
	}

	// they're in sorted order so advance the counter as needed.
	// That is, don't run comparisons against lower values that we've already passed
	var i, j int

	ids := make([]uint64, 0, len(l))
	for i < len(l) && j < len(r) {
		if l[i] == r[j] {
			ids = append(ids, l[i])
			i++
			j++
		} else if l[i] < r[j] {
			i++
		} else {
			j++
		}
	}

	return seriesIDs(ids)
}

// Union returns a new collection of series ids in sorted order that is the union of the two.
// The two collections must already be sorted.
func (a seriesIDs) Union(other seriesIDs) seriesIDs {
	l := a
	r := other
	ids := make([]uint64, 0, len(l)+len(r))
	var i, j int
	for i < len(l) && j < len(r) {
		if l[i] == r[j] {
			ids = append(ids, l[i])
			i++
			j++
		} else if l[i] < r[j] {
			ids = append(ids, l[i])
			i++
		} else {
			ids = append(ids, r[j])
			j++
		}
	}

	// now append the remainder
	if i < len(l) {
		ids = append(ids, l[i:]...)
	} else if j < len(r) {
		ids = append(ids, r[j:]...)
	}

	return ids
}

// Reject returns a new collection of series ids in sorted order with the passed in set removed from the original.
// This is useful for the NOT operator. The two collections must already be sorted.
func (a seriesIDs) Reject(other seriesIDs) seriesIDs {
	l := a
	r := other
	var i, j int

	ids := make([]uint64, 0, len(l))
	for i < len(l) && j < len(r) {
		if l[i] == r[j] {
			i++
			j++
		} else if l[i] < r[j] {
			ids = append(ids, l[i])
			i++
		} else {
			j++
		}
	}

	// Append the remainder
	if i < len(l) {
		ids = append(ids, l[i:]...)
	}

	return seriesIDs(ids)
}

// seriesID is a series id that may or may not have been evicted from the
// current id list.
type seriesID struct {
	val   uint64
	evict bool
}

// evictSeriesIDs is a slice of SeriesIDs with an extra field to mark if the
// field should be evicted or not.
type evictSeriesIDs struct {
	ids []seriesID
	sz  int
}

// newEvictSeriesIDs copies the ids into a new slice that can be used for
// evicting series from the slice.
func newEvictSeriesIDs(ids []uint64) evictSeriesIDs {
	a := make([]seriesID, len(ids))
	for i, id := range ids {
		a[i].val = id
	}
	return evictSeriesIDs{
		ids: a,
		sz:  len(a),
	}
}

// mark marks all of the ids in the sorted slice to be evicted from the list of
// series ids. If an id to be evicted does not exist, it just gets ignored.
func (a *evictSeriesIDs) mark(ids []uint64) {
	sIDs := a.ids
	for _, id := range ids {
		if len(sIDs) == 0 {
			break
		}

		// Perform a binary search of the remaining slice if
		// the first element does not match the value we're
		// looking for.
		i := 0
		if sIDs[0].val < id {
			i = sort.Search(len(sIDs), func(i int) bool {
				return sIDs[i].val >= id
			})
		}

		if i >= len(sIDs) {
			break
		} else if sIDs[i].val == id {
			if !sIDs[i].evict {
				sIDs[i].evict = true
				a.sz--
			}
			// Skip over this series since it has been evicted and won't be
			// encountered again.
			i++
		}
		sIDs = sIDs[i:]
	}
}

// evict creates a new slice with only the series that have not been evicted.
func (a *evictSeriesIDs) evict() (ids seriesIDs) {
	if a.sz == 0 {
		return ids
	}

	// Make a new slice with only the remaining ids.
	ids = make([]uint64, 0, a.sz)
	for _, id := range a.ids {
		if id.evict {
			continue
		}
		ids = append(ids, id.val)
	}
	return ids
}

// TagFilter represents a tag filter when looking up other tags or measurements.
type TagFilter struct {
	Op    influxql.Token
	Key   string
	Value string
	Regex *regexp.Regexp
}

// TagKeys returns a list of the measurement's tag names, in sorted order.
func (m *measurement) TagKeys() []string {
	m.mu.RLock()
	keys := make([]string, 0, len(m.seriesByTagKeyValue))
	for k := range m.seriesByTagKeyValue {
		keys = append(keys, k)
	}
	m.mu.RUnlock()
	sort.Strings(keys)
	return keys
}

// TagValues returns all the values for the given tag key, in an arbitrary order.
func (m *measurement) TagValues(auth query.Authorizer, key string) []string {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	values := make([]string, 0, m.seriesByTagKeyValue[key].Cardinality())

	m.seriesByTagKeyValue[key].RangeAll(func(k string, a seriesIDs) {
		if query.AuthorizerIsOpen(auth) {
			values = append(values, k)
		} else {
			for _, sid := range a {
				s := m.seriesByID[sid]
				if s == nil {
					continue
				}
				if auth.AuthorizeSeriesRead(m.Database, m.NameBytes, s.Tags) {
					values = append(values, k)
					return
				}
			}
		}
	})
	return values
}

// SetFieldName adds the field name to the measurement.
func (m *measurement) SetFieldName(name string) {
	m.mu.RLock()
	_, ok := m.fieldNames[name]
	m.mu.RUnlock()

	if ok {
		return
	}

	m.mu.Lock()
	m.fieldNames[name] = struct{}{}
	m.mu.Unlock()
}

// SeriesByTagKeyValue returns the TagKeyValue for the provided tag key.
func (m *measurement) SeriesByTagKeyValue(key string) *tagKeyValue {
	m.mu.RLock()
	defer m.mu.RUnlock()
	return m.seriesByTagKeyValue[key]
}

// stringSet represents a set of strings.
type stringSet map[string]struct{}

// newStringSet returns an empty stringSet.
func newStringSet() stringSet {
	return make(map[string]struct{})
}

// add adds strings to the set.
func (s stringSet) add(ss ...string) {
	for _, n := range ss {
		s[n] = struct{}{}
	}
}

// list returns the current elements in the set, in sorted order.
func (s stringSet) list() []string {
	l := make([]string, 0, len(s))
	for k := range s {
		l = append(l, k)
	}
	sort.Strings(l)
	return l
}

// union returns the union of this set and another.
func (s stringSet) union(o stringSet) stringSet {
	ns := newStringSet()
	for k := range s {
		ns[k] = struct{}{}
	}
	for k := range o {
		ns[k] = struct{}{}
	}
	return ns
}

// intersect returns the intersection of this set and another.
func (s stringSet) intersect(o stringSet) stringSet {
	shorter, longer := s, o
	if len(longer) < len(shorter) {
		shorter, longer = longer, shorter
	}

	ns := newStringSet()
	for k := range shorter {
		if _, ok := longer[k]; ok {
			ns[k] = struct{}{}
		}
	}
	return ns
}

type byTagKey []*query.TagSet

func (t byTagKey) Len() int           { return len(t) }
func (t byTagKey) Less(i, j int) bool { return bytes.Compare(t[i].Key, t[j].Key) < 0 }
func (t byTagKey) Swap(i, j int)      { t[i], t[j] = t[j], t[i] }