SchemaFieldNotFoundError when chaining select and collect

[philiporlando]

Checks

• I have checked that this issue has not already been reported.
• I have confirmed this bug exists on the latest version of Polars.

Reproducible example

 import polars as pl

data = {
    "column1": [None, "x", "y"],
    "column2": ["a", None, "c"]
}

df = pl.LazyFrame(data)

df.select(pl.when(pl.col("column1").is_null()).then(False).otherwise(True))
# <LazyFrame at 0x13538E450>

df.select(pl.when(pl.col("column1").is_null()).then(False).otherwise(True)).collect()
# shape: (3, 1)
# ┌─────────┐
# │ literal │
# │ ---     │
# │ bool    │
# ╞═════════╡
# │ false   │
# │ true    │
# │ true    │
# └─────────┘

df.select(pl.when(pl.col("column1").is_null()).then(False).otherwise(True)).select("literal")
# <LazyFrame at 0x13FF16990>

df.select(pl.when(pl.col("column1").is_null()).then(False).otherwise(True)).select("literal").collect()
# Traceback (most recent call last):
#   File "c:\local\projects\polars-bug-17739\test.py", line 28, in <module>
#     df.select(pl.when(pl.col("column1").is_null()).then(False).otherwise(True)).select("literal").collect()      
#   File "C:\local\projects\polars-bug-17739\.venv\Lib\site-packages\polars\lazyframe\frame.py", line 1942, in collect
#     return wrap_df(ldf.collect(callback))
#                    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
# polars.exceptions.SchemaFieldNotFoundError: literal

Log output

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\local\projects\polars-bugf-17739\test.py", line 30, in <module>
    df.select(pl.when(pl.col("column1").is_null()).then(False).otherwise(True)).select("literal").collect()
  File "C:\local\projects\polars-bug-17739\.venv\Lib\site-packages\polars\lazyframe\frame.py", line 1942, in collect
    return wrap_df(ldf.collect(callback))
                   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
polars.exceptions.SchemaFieldNotFoundError: literal

Issue description

There is a bug in Polars where chaining select calls on a LazyFrame and subsequently calling collect results in a SchemaFieldNotFoundError.

This bug was originally reported in pandera/issues#1657.

Expected behavior

The final chained select and collect call should execute without errors, and the result DataFrame should be returned as expected.

Installed versions

--------Version info---------
Polars:               1.2.1
Index type:           UInt32
Platform:             Windows-10-10.0.19045-SP0
Python:               3.12.1 (tags/v3.12.1:2305ca5, Dec  7 2023, 22:03:25) [MSC v.1937 64 bit (AMD64)]

----Optional dependencies----
adbc_driver_manager:  <not installed>
cloudpickle:          <not installed>
connectorx:           <not installed>
deltalake:            <not installed>
fastexcel:            <not installed>
fsspec:               <not installed>
gevent:               <not installed>
great_tables:         <not installed>
hvplot:               <not installed>
matplotlib:           <not installed>
nest_asyncio:         <not installed>
numpy:                <not installed>
openpyxl:             <not installed>
pandas:               <not installed>
pyarrow:              <not installed>
pydantic:             <not installed>
pyiceberg:            <not installed>
sqlalchemy:           <not installed>
torch:                <not installed>
xlsx2csv:             <not installed>
xlsxwriter:           <not installed>